Summary: The House Ways and Means Committee reforms proposed as part of budget reconciliation would increase the U.S. statutory corporate income tax rate to 26.5 percent, bringing the combined federal and state rate to 30.9 percent, making the U.S. rate the third highest among OECD members.
Introduction
Countries across the world have been under increasing pressure to lower their corporate income tax rates to attract investment and accelerate economic growth in recent decades as capital becomes more mobile. Past research has found adverse effects of corporate income taxes on investment, even though there is disagreement about their magnitudes.1 Although it is important to examine effective tax rates that include reductions in the tax base relative to actual corporate income, comparing statutory rates is useful for understanding the initial competitiveness of a country’s tax code that might motivate tax base reductions.
Comparison with OECD Countries
Figure 1 shows the combined federal and state statutory corporate income tax rates across the 38 OECD countries between 2000 and 2021. The OECD average rate has declined almost uniformly from 32.3 percent in 2000 to 23.2 percent in 2021. The rate in the U.S., on the other hand, stayed stable at 39 percent between 2000 and 2017, and then dropped to 25.8 percent after the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 took effect.
Between 2003 and 2017, the U.S. was among the top three OECD countries with the highest rates. In 2021, it ranks 13th under current law. The proposed changes by The House Ways and Means Committee would increase the federal statutory rate to 26.5 percent, bringing the combined federal and state rate to 30.9 percent, and make the U.S. rate the third highest among OECD members. Only Portugal and Colombia would be higher at a rate of 31.5 percent and 31 percent respectively.
This analysis was conducted by Alexander Arnon and Zheli He. Prepared for the website by Mariko Paulson.
-
Hines (2007) provides a survey of literature on the effect of corporate taxes on investment. Hines, James R., Jr. 2007. “Corporate Taxation and International Competition.” In Taxing Corporate Income in the 21st Century, ed. Alan J. Auerbach, James R. Hines, Jr., and Joel Slemrod, 268–95. New York: Cambridge University Press. ↩
country year combined corporate income tax rate Australia 2000 34.0 Australia 2001 30.0 Australia 2002 30.0 Australia 2003 30.0 Australia 2004 30.0 Australia 2005 30.0 Australia 2006 30.0 Australia 2007 30.0 Australia 2008 30.0 Australia 2009 30.0 Australia 2010 30.0 Australia 2011 30.0 Australia 2012 30.0 Australia 2013 30.0 Australia 2014 30.0 Australia 2015 30.0 Australia 2016 30.0 Australia 2017 30.0 Australia 2018 30.0 Australia 2019 30.0 Australia 2020 30.0 Australia 2021 30.0 Austria 2000 34.0 Austria 2001 34.0 Austria 2002 34.0 Austria 2003 34.0 Austria 2004 34.0 Austria 2005 25.0 Austria 2006 25.0 Austria 2007 25.0 Austria 2008 25.0 Austria 2009 25.0 Austria 2010 25.0 Austria 2011 25.0 Austria 2012 25.0 Austria 2013 25.0 Austria 2014 25.0 Austria 2015 25.0 Austria 2016 25.0 Austria 2017 25.0 Austria 2018 25.0 Austria 2019 25.0 Austria 2020 25.0 Austria 2021 25.0 Belgium 2000 40.2 Belgium 2001 40.2 Belgium 2002 40.2 Belgium 2003 34.0 Belgium 2004 34.0 Belgium 2005 34.0 Belgium 2006 36.0 Belgium 2007 34.0 Belgium 2008 34.0 Belgium 2009 34.0 Belgium 2010 34.0 Belgium 2011 34.0 Belgium 2012 34.0 Belgium 2013 34.0 Belgium 2014 34.0 Belgium 2015 34.0 Belgium 2016 34.0 Belgium 2017 34.0 Belgium 2018 29.6 Belgium 2019 29.6 Belgium 2020 25.0 Belgium 2021 25.0 Canada 2000 42.4 Canada 2001 40.5 Canada 2002 38.0 Canada 2003 35.9 Canada 2004 34.4 Canada 2005 34.2 Canada 2006 33.9 Canada 2007 34.0 Canada 2008 31.4 Canada 2009 30.9 Canada 2010 29.4 Canada 2011 27.7 Canada 2012 26.1 Canada 2013 26.2 Canada 2014 26.2 Canada 2015 26.7 Canada 2016 26.7 Canada 2017 26.7 Canada 2018 26.8 Canada 2019 26.6 Canada 2020 26.2 Canada 2021 26.2 Chile 2000 15.0 Chile 2001 15.0 Chile 2002 16.0 Chile 2003 16.5 Chile 2004 17.0 Chile 2005 17.0 Chile 2006 17.0 Chile 2007 17.0 Chile 2008 17.0 Chile 2009 17.0 Chile 2010 17.0 Chile 2011 20.0 Chile 2012 20.0 Chile 2013 20.0 Chile 2014 21.0 Chile 2015 22.5 Chile 2016 24.0 Chile 2017 25.0 Chile 2018 25.0 Chile 2019 25.0 Chile 2020 10.0 Chile 2021 10.0 Colombia 2000 35.0 Colombia 2001 35.0 Colombia 2002 35.0 Colombia 2003 36.8 Colombia 2004 38.5 Colombia 2005 38.5 Colombia 2006 38.5 Colombia 2007 34.0 Colombia 2008 33.0 Colombia 2009 33.0 Colombia 2010 33.0 Colombia 2011 33.0 Colombia 2012 33.0 Colombia 2013 34.0 Colombia 2014 34.0 Colombia 2015 39.0 Colombia 2016 40.0 Colombia 2017 40.0 Colombia 2018 37.0 Colombia 2019 33.0 Colombia 2020 32.0 Colombia 2021 31.0 Costa Rica 2000 30.0 Costa Rica 2001 30.0 Costa Rica 2002 30.0 Costa Rica 2003 30.0 Costa Rica 2004 30.0 Costa Rica 2005 30.0 Costa Rica 2006 30.0 Costa Rica 2007 30.0 Costa Rica 2008 30.0 Costa Rica 2009 30.0 Costa Rica 2010 30.0 Costa Rica 2011 30.0 Costa Rica 2012 30.0 Costa Rica 2013 30.0 Costa Rica 2014 30.0 Costa Rica 2015 30.0 Costa Rica 2016 30.0 Costa Rica 2017 30.0 Costa Rica 2018 30.0 Costa Rica 2019 30.0 Costa Rica 2020 30.0 Costa Rica 2021 30.0 Czech Republic 2000 31.0 Czech Republic 2001 31.0 Czech Republic 2002 31.0 Czech Republic 2003 31.0 Czech Republic 2004 28.0 Czech Republic 2005 26.0 Czech Republic 2006 24.0 Czech Republic 2007 24.0 Czech Republic 2008 21.0 Czech Republic 2009 20.0 Czech Republic 2010 19.0 Czech Republic 2011 19.0 Czech Republic 2012 19.0 Czech Republic 2013 19.0 Czech Republic 2014 19.0 Czech Republic 2015 19.0 Czech Republic 2016 19.0 Czech Republic 2017 19.0 Czech Republic 2018 19.0 Czech Republic 2019 19.0 Czech Republic 2020 19.0 Czech Republic 2021 19.0 Denmark 2000 32.0 Denmark 2001 30.0 Denmark 2002 30.0 Denmark 2003 30.0 Denmark 2004 30.0 Denmark 2005 28.0 Denmark 2006 28.0 Denmark 2007 25.0 Denmark 2008 25.0 Denmark 2009 25.0 Denmark 2010 25.0 Denmark 2011 25.0 Denmark 2012 25.0 Denmark 2013 25.0 Denmark 2014 24.5 Denmark 2015 23.5 Denmark 2016 22.0 Denmark 2017 22.0 Denmark 2018 22.0 Denmark 2019 22.0 Denmark 2020 22.0 Denmark 2021 22.0 Estonia 2000 26.0 Estonia 2001 26.0 Estonia 2002 26.0 Estonia 2003 26.0 Estonia 2004 26.0 Estonia 2005 24.0 Estonia 2006 23.0 Estonia 2007 22.0 Estonia 2008 21.0 Estonia 2009 21.0 Estonia 2010 21.0 Estonia 2011 21.0 Estonia 2012 21.0 Estonia 2013 21.0 Estonia 2014 21.0 Estonia 2015 20.0 Estonia 2016 20.0 Estonia 2017 20.0 Estonia 2018 20.0 Estonia 2019 20.0 Estonia 2020 20.0 Estonia 2021 20.0 Finland 2000 29.0 Finland 2001 29.0 Finland 2002 29.0 Finland 2003 29.0 Finland 2004 29.0 Finland 2005 26.0 Finland 2006 26.0 Finland 2007 26.0 Finland 2008 26.0 Finland 2009 26.0 Finland 2010 26.0 Finland 2011 26.0 Finland 2012 24.5 Finland 2013 24.5 Finland 2014 20.0 Finland 2015 20.0 Finland 2016 20.0 Finland 2017 20.0 Finland 2018 20.0 Finland 2019 20.0 Finland 2020 20.0 Finland 2021 20.0 France 2000 37.8 France 2001 36.4 France 2002 35.4 France 2003 35.4 France 2004 35.4 France 2005 35.0 France 2006 34.4 France 2007 34.4 France 2008 34.4 France 2009 34.4 France 2010 34.4 France 2011 36.1 France 2012 36.1 France 2013 38.0 France 2014 38.0 France 2015 38.0 France 2016 34.4 France 2017 44.4 France 2018 34.4 France 2019 34.4 France 2020 32.0 France 2021 28.4 Germany 2000 51.6 Germany 2001 38.3 Germany 2002 38.3 Germany 2003 39.6 Germany 2004 38.3 Germany 2005 38.4 Germany 2006 38.4 Germany 2007 38.4 Germany 2008 29.4 Germany 2009 29.4 Germany 2010 29.5 Germany 2011 29.6 Germany 2012 29.6 Germany 2013 29.6 Germany 2014 29.7 Germany 2015 29.8 Germany 2016 29.8 Germany 2017 29.9 Germany 2018 29.9 Germany 2019 29.9 Germany 2020 29.9 Germany 2021 29.9 Greece 2000 40.0 Greece 2001 37.5 Greece 2002 35.0 Greece 2003 35.0 Greece 2004 35.0 Greece 2005 32.0 Greece 2006 29.0 Greece 2007 25.0 Greece 2008 25.0 Greece 2009 25.0 Greece 2010 24.0 Greece 2011 20.0 Greece 2012 20.0 Greece 2013 26.0 Greece 2014 26.0 Greece 2015 29.0 Greece 2016 29.0 Greece 2017 29.0 Greece 2018 29.0 Greece 2019 24.0 Greece 2020 24.0 Greece 2021 24.0 Hungary 2000 18.0 Hungary 2001 18.0 Hungary 2002 18.0 Hungary 2003 18.0 Hungary 2004 16.0 Hungary 2005 16.0 Hungary 2006 17.3 Hungary 2007 20.0 Hungary 2008 20.0 Hungary 2009 20.0 Hungary 2010 19.0 Hungary 2011 19.0 Hungary 2012 19.0 Hungary 2013 19.0 Hungary 2014 19.0 Hungary 2015 19.0 Hungary 2016 19.0 Hungary 2017 9.0 Hungary 2018 9.0 Hungary 2019 9.0 Hungary 2020 9.0 Hungary 2021 9.0 Iceland 2000 30.0 Iceland 2001 30.0 Iceland 2002 18.0 Iceland 2003 18.0 Iceland 2004 18.0 Iceland 2005 18.0 Iceland 2006 18.0 Iceland 2007 18.0 Iceland 2008 15.0 Iceland 2009 15.0 Iceland 2010 18.0 Iceland 2011 20.0 Iceland 2012 20.0 Iceland 2013 20.0 Iceland 2014 20.0 Iceland 2015 20.0 Iceland 2016 20.0 Iceland 2017 20.0 Iceland 2018 20.0 Iceland 2019 20.0 Iceland 2020 20.0 Iceland 2021 20.0 Ireland 2000 24.0 Ireland 2001 20.0 Ireland 2002 16.0 Ireland 2003 12.5 Ireland 2004 12.5 Ireland 2005 12.5 Ireland 2006 12.5 Ireland 2007 12.5 Ireland 2008 12.5 Ireland 2009 12.5 Ireland 2010 12.5 Ireland 2011 12.5 Ireland 2012 12.5 Ireland 2013 12.5 Ireland 2014 12.5 Ireland 2015 12.5 Ireland 2016 12.5 Ireland 2017 12.5 Ireland 2018 12.5 Ireland 2019 12.5 Ireland 2020 12.5 Ireland 2021 12.5 Israel 2000 36.0 Israel 2001 36.0 Israel 2002 36.0 Israel 2003 36.0 Israel 2004 35.0 Israel 2005 34.0 Israel 2006 31.0 Israel 2007 29.0 Israel 2008 27.0 Israel 2009 26.0 Israel 2010 25.0 Israel 2011 24.0 Israel 2012 25.0 Israel 2013 25.0 Israel 2014 26.5 Israel 2015 26.5 Israel 2016 25.0 Israel 2017 24.0 Israel 2018 23.0 Israel 2019 23.0 Israel 2020 23.0 Israel 2021 23.0 Italy 2000 41.3 Italy 2001 40.3 Italy 2002 40.3 Italy 2003 38.3 Italy 2004 37.3 Italy 2005 37.3 Italy 2006 37.3 Italy 2007 37.3 Italy 2008 31.4 Italy 2009 31.4 Italy 2010 31.4 Italy 2011 31.4 Italy 2012 31.3 Italy 2013 31.3 Italy 2014 31.3 Italy 2015 31.3 Italy 2016 31.3 Italy 2017 27.8 Italy 2018 27.8 Italy 2019 27.8 Italy 2020 27.8 Italy 2021 27.8 Japan 2000 40.9 Japan 2001 40.9 Japan 2002 40.9 Japan 2003 40.9 Japan 2004 39.5 Japan 2005 39.5 Japan 2006 39.5 Japan 2007 39.5 Japan 2008 39.5 Japan 2009 39.5 Japan 2010 39.5 Japan 2011 39.5 Japan 2012 39.5 Japan 2013 37.0 Japan 2014 37.0 Japan 2015 32.1 Japan 2016 30.0 Japan 2017 30.0 Japan 2018 29.7 Japan 2019 29.7 Japan 2020 29.7 Japan 2021 29.7 Korea 2000 30.8 Korea 2001 30.8 Korea 2002 29.7 Korea 2003 29.7 Korea 2004 29.7 Korea 2005 27.5 Korea 2006 27.5 Korea 2007 27.5 Korea 2008 27.5 Korea 2009 24.2 Korea 2010 24.2 Korea 2011 24.2 Korea 2012 24.2 Korea 2013 24.2 Korea 2014 24.2 Korea 2015 24.2 Korea 2016 24.2 Korea 2017 24.2 Korea 2018 27.5 Korea 2019 27.5 Korea 2020 27.5 Korea 2021 27.5 Latvia 2000 25.0 Latvia 2001 25.0 Latvia 2002 22.0 Latvia 2003 19.0 Latvia 2004 15.0 Latvia 2005 15.0 Latvia 2006 15.0 Latvia 2007 15.0 Latvia 2008 15.0 Latvia 2009 15.0 Latvia 2010 15.0 Latvia 2011 15.0 Latvia 2012 15.0 Latvia 2013 15.0 Latvia 2014 15.0 Latvia 2015 15.0 Latvia 2016 15.0 Latvia 2017 15.0 Latvia 2018 20.0 Latvia 2019 20.0 Latvia 2020 20.0 Latvia 2021 20.0 Lithuania 2000 24.0 Lithuania 2001 24.0 Lithuania 2002 15.0 Lithuania 2003 15.0 Lithuania 2004 15.0 Lithuania 2005 15.0 Lithuania 2006 19.0 Lithuania 2007 18.0 Lithuania 2008 15.0 Lithuania 2009 20.0 Lithuania 2010 15.0 Lithuania 2011 15.0 Lithuania 2012 15.0 Lithuania 2013 15.0 Lithuania 2014 15.0 Lithuania 2015 15.0 Lithuania 2016 15.0 Lithuania 2017 15.0 Lithuania 2018 15.0 Lithuania 2019 15.0 Lithuania 2020 15.0 Lithuania 2021 15.0 Luxembourg 2000 37.5 Luxembourg 2001 37.5 Luxembourg 2002 30.4 Luxembourg 2003 30.4 Luxembourg 2004 30.4 Luxembourg 2005 30.4 Luxembourg 2006 29.6 Luxembourg 2007 29.6 Luxembourg 2008 29.6 Luxembourg 2009 28.6 Luxembourg 2010 28.6 Luxembourg 2011 28.8 Luxembourg 2012 28.8 Luxembourg 2013 29.2 Luxembourg 2014 29.2 Luxembourg 2015 29.2 Luxembourg 2016 29.2 Luxembourg 2017 27.1 Luxembourg 2018 26.0 Luxembourg 2019 24.9 Luxembourg 2020 24.9 Luxembourg 2021 24.9 Mexico 2000 35.0 Mexico 2001 35.0 Mexico 2002 35.0 Mexico 2003 34.0 Mexico 2004 33.0 Mexico 2005 30.0 Mexico 2006 29.0 Mexico 2007 28.0 Mexico 2008 28.0 Mexico 2009 28.0 Mexico 2010 30.0 Mexico 2011 30.0 Mexico 2012 30.0 Mexico 2013 30.0 Mexico 2014 30.0 Mexico 2015 30.0 Mexico 2016 30.0 Mexico 2017 30.0 Mexico 2018 30.0 Mexico 2019 30.0 Mexico 2020 30.0 Mexico 2021 30.0 Netherlands 2000 35.0 Netherlands 2001 35.0 Netherlands 2002 34.5 Netherlands 2003 34.5 Netherlands 2004 34.5 Netherlands 2005 31.5 Netherlands 2006 29.6 Netherlands 2007 25.5 Netherlands 2008 25.5 Netherlands 2009 25.5 Netherlands 2010 25.5 Netherlands 2011 25.0 Netherlands 2012 25.0 Netherlands 2013 25.0 Netherlands 2014 25.0 Netherlands 2015 25.0 Netherlands 2016 25.0 Netherlands 2017 25.0 Netherlands 2018 25.0 Netherlands 2019 25.0 Netherlands 2020 25.0 Netherlands 2021 25.0 New Zealand 2000 33.0 New Zealand 2001 33.0 New Zealand 2002 33.0 New Zealand 2003 33.0 New Zealand 2004 33.0 New Zealand 2005 33.0 New Zealand 2006 33.0 New Zealand 2007 33.0 New Zealand 2008 30.0 New Zealand 2009 30.0 New Zealand 2010 30.0 New Zealand 2011 28.0 New Zealand 2012 28.0 New Zealand 2013 28.0 New Zealand 2014 28.0 New Zealand 2015 28.0 New Zealand 2016 28.0 New Zealand 2017 28.0 New Zealand 2018 28.0 New Zealand 2019 28.0 New Zealand 2020 28.0 New Zealand 2021 28.0 Norway 2000 28.0 Norway 2001 28.0 Norway 2002 28.0 Norway 2003 28.0 Norway 2004 28.0 Norway 2005 28.0 Norway 2006 28.0 Norway 2007 28.0 Norway 2008 28.0 Norway 2009 28.0 Norway 2010 28.0 Norway 2011 28.0 Norway 2012 28.0 Norway 2013 28.0 Norway 2014 27.0 Norway 2015 27.0 Norway 2016 25.0 Norway 2017 24.0 Norway 2018 23.0 Norway 2019 22.0 Norway 2020 22.0 Norway 2021 22.0 Poland 2000 30.0 Poland 2001 28.0 Poland 2002 28.0 Poland 2003 27.0 Poland 2004 19.0 Poland 2005 19.0 Poland 2006 19.0 Poland 2007 19.0 Poland 2008 19.0 Poland 2009 19.0 Poland 2010 19.0 Poland 2011 19.0 Poland 2012 19.0 Poland 2013 19.0 Poland 2014 19.0 Poland 2015 19.0 Poland 2016 19.0 Poland 2017 19.0 Poland 2018 19.0 Poland 2019 19.0 Poland 2020 19.0 Poland 2021 19.0 Portugal 2000 35.2 Portugal 2001 35.2 Portugal 2002 33.0 Portugal 2003 33.0 Portugal 2004 27.5 Portugal 2005 27.5 Portugal 2006 27.5 Portugal 2007 26.5 Portugal 2008 26.5 Portugal 2009 26.5 Portugal 2010 26.5 Portugal 2011 28.5 Portugal 2012 31.5 Portugal 2013 31.5 Portugal 2014 31.5 Portugal 2015 29.5 Portugal 2016 29.5 Portugal 2017 29.5 Portugal 2018 31.5 Portugal 2019 31.5 Portugal 2020 31.5 Portugal 2021 31.5 Slovak Republic 2000 29.0 Slovak Republic 2001 29.0 Slovak Republic 2002 25.0 Slovak Republic 2003 25.0 Slovak Republic 2004 19.0 Slovak Republic 2005 19.0 Slovak Republic 2006 19.0 Slovak Republic 2007 19.0 Slovak Republic 2008 19.0 Slovak Republic 2009 19.0 Slovak Republic 2010 19.0 Slovak Republic 2011 19.0 Slovak Republic 2012 19.0 Slovak Republic 2013 23.0 Slovak Republic 2014 22.0 Slovak Republic 2015 22.0 Slovak Republic 2016 22.0 Slovak Republic 2017 21.0 Slovak Republic 2018 21.0 Slovak Republic 2019 21.0 Slovak Republic 2020 21.0 Slovak Republic 2021 21.0 Slovenia 2000 25.0 Slovenia 2001 25.0 Slovenia 2002 25.0 Slovenia 2003 25.0 Slovenia 2004 25.0 Slovenia 2005 25.0 Slovenia 2006 25.0 Slovenia 2007 23.0 Slovenia 2008 22.0 Slovenia 2009 21.0 Slovenia 2010 20.0 Slovenia 2011 20.0 Slovenia 2012 18.0 Slovenia 2013 17.0 Slovenia 2014 17.0 Slovenia 2015 17.0 Slovenia 2016 17.0 Slovenia 2017 19.0 Slovenia 2018 19.0 Slovenia 2019 19.0 Slovenia 2020 19.0 Slovenia 2021 19.0 Spain 2000 35.0 Spain 2001 35.0 Spain 2002 35.0 Spain 2003 35.0 Spain 2004 35.0 Spain 2005 35.0 Spain 2006 35.0 Spain 2007 32.5 Spain 2008 30.0 Spain 2009 30.0 Spain 2010 30.0 Spain 2011 30.0 Spain 2012 30.0 Spain 2013 30.0 Spain 2014 30.0 Spain 2015 28.0 Spain 2016 25.0 Spain 2017 25.0 Spain 2018 25.0 Spain 2019 25.0 Spain 2020 25.0 Spain 2021 25.0 Sweden 2000 28.0 Sweden 2001 28.0 Sweden 2002 28.0 Sweden 2003 28.0 Sweden 2004 28.0 Sweden 2005 28.0 Sweden 2006 28.0 Sweden 2007 28.0 Sweden 2008 28.0 Sweden 2009 26.3 Sweden 2010 26.3 Sweden 2011 26.3 Sweden 2012 26.3 Sweden 2013 22.0 Sweden 2014 22.0 Sweden 2015 22.0 Sweden 2016 22.0 Sweden 2017 22.0 Sweden 2018 22.0 Sweden 2019 21.4 Sweden 2020 21.4 Sweden 2021 20.6 Switzerland 2000 24.9 Switzerland 2001 24.7 Switzerland 2002 24.4 Switzerland 2003 24.1 Switzerland 2004 24.1 Switzerland 2005 21.3 Switzerland 2006 21.3 Switzerland 2007 21.3 Switzerland 2008 21.2 Switzerland 2009 21.2 Switzerland 2010 21.2 Switzerland 2011 21.2 Switzerland 2012 21.2 Switzerland 2013 21.1 Switzerland 2014 21.1 Switzerland 2015 21.1 Switzerland 2016 21.1 Switzerland 2017 21.1 Switzerland 2018 21.1 Switzerland 2019 21.1 Switzerland 2020 21.1 Switzerland 2021 19.7 Turkey 2000 33.0 Turkey 2001 33.0 Turkey 2002 33.0 Turkey 2003 30.0 Turkey 2004 33.0 Turkey 2005 30.0 Turkey 2006 20.0 Turkey 2007 20.0 Turkey 2008 20.0 Turkey 2009 20.0 Turkey 2010 20.0 Turkey 2011 20.0 Turkey 2012 20.0 Turkey 2013 20.0 Turkey 2014 20.0 Turkey 2015 20.0 Turkey 2016 20.0 Turkey 2017 20.0 Turkey 2018 22.0 Turkey 2019 22.0 Turkey 2020 22.0 Turkey 2021 25.0 United Kingdom 2000 30.0 United Kingdom 2001 30.0 United Kingdom 2002 30.0 United Kingdom 2003 30.0 United Kingdom 2004 30.0 United Kingdom 2005 30.0 United Kingdom 2006 30.0 United Kingdom 2007 30.0 United Kingdom 2008 28.0 United Kingdom 2009 28.0 United Kingdom 2010 28.0 United Kingdom 2011 26.0 United Kingdom 2012 24.0 United Kingdom 2013 23.0 United Kingdom 2014 21.0 United Kingdom 2015 20.0 United Kingdom 2016 20.0 United Kingdom 2017 19.0 United Kingdom 2018 19.0 United Kingdom 2019 19.0 United Kingdom 2020 19.0 United Kingdom 2021 19.0 United States 2000 39.3 United States 2001 39.3 United States 2002 39.3 United States 2003 39.3 United States 2004 39.3 United States 2005 39.3 United States 2006 39.3 United States 2007 39.3 United States 2008 39.3 United States 2009 39.2 United States 2010 39.2 United States 2011 39.2 United States 2012 39.1 United States 2013 39.1 United States 2014 39.1 United States 2015 39.0 United States 2016 38.9 United States 2017 38.9 United States 2018 25.8 United States 2019 25.9 United States 2020 25.8 United States 2021 25.8 OECD average 2000 32.3 OECD average 2001 31.4 OECD average 2002 30.1 OECD average 2003 29.7 OECD average 2004 28.9 OECD average 2005 27.9 OECD average 2006 27.5 OECD average 2007 26.8 OECD average 2008 25.8 OECD average 2009 25.6 OECD average 2010 25.5 OECD average 2011 25.4 OECD average 2012 25.3 OECD average 2013 25.5 OECD average 2014 25.3 OECD average 2015 25.2 OECD average 2016 24.9 OECD average 2017 24.8 OECD average 2018 24.2 OECD average 2019 23.9 OECD average 2020 23.3 OECD average 2021 23.2