Key Points
During the pandemic, the number of new immigrants arriving on family-sponsored green cards dropped significantly. The unused visas were given to employment-sponsored immigrants, allowing over 200,000 employed noncitizens already in the U.S. to get lawful permanent resident status, plus tens of thousands of new arrivals on employment-sponsored green cards.
In 2021, about half as many nonimmigrants were admitted to live in the U.S. temporarily compared to 2019, but the number more than recovered by 2023. The number of nonimmigrants entering on F1 student visas is still about 3% lower than before the pandemic, but H-1B worker temporary admissions rose to 440,000 in 2023, which is more than a third above the pre-pandemic level.
The use of public health emergency authorities under Title 42 aimed to seal the border by expelling migrants immediately but had the opposite effect. Without a way to seek humanitarian protection and facing no legal consequences for trying to cross the border illegally, migrants made repeated attempts to cross, and more succeeded. PWBM estimates that during the Title 42 era, the number of entries without inspection rose from 10,000-15,000 per month to a peak of over 85,000.
The Impact of COVID-19 on Immigration to the United States
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 disrupted nearly every aspect of the U.S. immigration system. Beginning with restrictions on travel from China in January, by March the policy response included suspension of visa services at all embassies and consulates, partial closure of the U.S. land border, suspension of refugee resettlement, and widening restrictions on travel. Some of the measures enacted in 2020 remained in effect for years and have had lasting impact beyond the direct effects of the pandemic.1
In this brief, we review trends in immigration to the U.S. since 2020 and discuss the pandemic’s long-term impact on the foreign-born population.
In April 2020, the Trump administration issued a presidential proclamation suspending the entry of most LPRs (also called green card holders or, formally, immigrants), which remained in effect until February 2021. Figure 1 shows the number of new LPRs by fiscal year, broken down into two categories: new immigrants arriving from abroad to live in the U.S. and noncitizens already in the U.S. (on a nonimmigrant visa, for instance) who are adjusting to LPR status. The number of new arrivals fell more than 40 percent in fiscal year 2020 and declined again in 2021, falling to less than 230,000 or just 50 percent of its 2019 level.2 It recovered to around 560,000 in 2023, the most since 2017. However, there are statutory ceilings on the number of green cards issued each year. These caps make “catch up” new arrivals unlikely, meaning the cumulative inflow of new immigrants is permanently lower than it would have been absent the pandemic.
Source: Office of Homeland Security Statistics.
Note: Years are fiscal years.
The number of noncitizens adjusting to LPR status remained comparatively stable through pandemic, falling less than 25 percent in 2020 and recovering to 90 percent of its 2019 level in 2021. In 2023, 615,000 noncitizens in the U.S. became LPRs, the most in any fiscal year since 2009.
One key reason adjustments of status held up through the pandemic is that unused visas for new arrivals could be reallocated to adjustments of status. Figure 2 shows that the number of new arrivals with family-sponsored green cards fell sharply in 2020 and 2021. When the number of family-based green cards issued in a year is less than annual statutory limit, they are added to the limit on employment-based visas the following year in a process referred to as rollover.
Source: Office of Homeland Security Statistics.
Note: The dashed line shows the linear trend from 2014 to 2019, extrapolated through 2023.
Years are fiscal years.
Figure 2 plots pre-pandemic trends as simple proxy for typical green card issuance, given statutory numerical limits. In 2021, the number of family-based new arrivals was about 150,000 below trend. An increase in family-based new arrivals absorbed around 9,000 of these green cards, leaving more than 140,000 unused. In 2022, employment-based new arrivals rose by 16,000 and adjustment of status rose by 125,000, totaling 141,000 additional employment-based LPRs. New employment-sponsored LPRs remained elevated in 2023, reflecting the continuing shortfall in family-based arrivals in 2022. Hence, one consequence of the pandemic was a temporary shift in the balance of permanent immigration away from family preferences and toward employment preferences.
Two months after suspending entry of immigrants, in June 2020 the Trump administration issued another presidential proclamation suspending entry of many temporary nonimmigrant workers. The proclamation paused the issuance of most new H-1B, H-2B, J, and L visas until it expired at the end of March 2021. More significantly, COVID-19 severely disrupted routine operations at U.S. embassies and consulates and travel to and from the U.S.3
Figure 3 plots the number of resident nonimmigrants admitted to the U.S. year, which includes nonimmigrants who reside in the U.S. temporarily for purposes like employment or education and excludes non-resident visitors such as tourists. The number of nonimmigrants entering the U.S. fell more than 50 percent from 2019 to 2021. Since 2021 it has bounced back and in 2023 rose to nearly 4.2 million, more than 10 percent greater than the pre-pandemic peak of around 3.75 million in 2019. This rebound likely reflects pent-up arrivals from the pandemic years.
Source: Penn Wharton Budget Model estimates based on data from the Office of Homeland Security Statistics.
Notes: The number of nonimmigrant individuals admitted each year is estimated based on annual nonimmigrant admissions and the number of times each nonimmigrant is admitted per year.
Resident nonimmigrants are temporary workers, students, exchange visitors, diplomats and other representatives, and their families. It does not include temporary visitors for business or pleasure or other classes of nonimmigrants who do not remain the U.S. long enough to be considered residents.
Years are fiscal years.
The decline and recovery in resident nonimmigrant admissions has not been even across different categories of nonimmigrant. Figure 4 compares the number of nonimmigrants admitted on a student F1 visas (left panel) with the number admitted on specialty occupation H-1B visas (right panel). International student admissions dropped nearly 50% from 2019 to 2021, while the number of H-1B workers admitted plummeted almost 70 percent to fewer than 100,000. By 2023 however, H-1B admissions rose to 440,000, more than a third above the pre-pandemic level. Meanwhile, student admissions have yet to fully recover and remain about 3 percent lower than in 2019.
Source: Penn Wharton Budget Model estimates based on data from the Office of Homeland Security Statistics.
Notes: The number of nonimmigrant individuals admitted each year is estimated based on annual nonimmigrant admissions and the number of times each nonimmigrant is admitted per year.
The figures above include principal beneficiaries of F1 and H-1B visas only; spouses and children are not included.
Years are fiscal years.
The number of refugees admitted reached historic lows even before the pandemic, as the Trump administration repeatedly lowered the annual ceiling of refugee resettlements while admitting too few to reach even the reduced cap. Refugee resettlement was suspended altogether when the pandemic arrived in the U.S. in March 2020 and remained paused through July. Resettlement was effectively impossible for much of 2020, as international travel and coordination were severely disrupted.
Sources: Office of Homeland Security Statistics (arrivals in 2014 to 2023); U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration (arrivals in 2024); Congressional Research Service (admissions ceiling in 2014 to 2022); Presidential determinations/White House (admissions ceiling in 2023 and 2024).
Notes: The shaded area between the two lines indicates the volume of unused refugee resettlement placements each year.
Years are fiscal years.
Since taking office, the Biden administration has rapidly increased the annual ceiling, raising it to 125,000 in 2022, where it has remained since. However, the actual number of refugees resettled has fallen far short of these caps. Figure 2 plots the annual ceiling and the number of refugees admitted. In 2022, only about 26,000 refugees came to the U.S., a little over 20 percent of the 125,000 ceiling. That percentage rose to almost 50 percent in 2023 and 80 percent in 2024, with the U.S. resettling more than 100,000 refugees. The Biden administration attributes the low levels of admissions in recent years primarily to reductions in funding and staff under the Trump administration, but also cites the pandemic as a factor hampering their attempts to rebuild the resettlement program and reach the annual caps.
Over the last several years, the number of migrants attempting to cross a U.S. border without prior authorization to enter the country has surged. Figure 1 shows PWBM’s estimate of the number of times a migrant attempted to cross a U.S. without a visa or other travel documents each month, based on data methods from U.S. Customs and Border Patrol (CBP) and the Department of Homeland Security. The surge began in 2019, with a 65 percent increase in border crossing attempts compared with 2018. The outbreak of COVID-19 interrupted the surge but does not appear to have meaningfully altered its trajectory. This dramatic rise in crossing attempts – from around 50,000 per month before 2020 to more than 300,000 in 2023 – can largely be traced to an evolving set of idiosyncratic factors unrelated to the pandemic driving migration flows: interstate and internal armed conflict, state failure and gang violence, as well as strong economic conditions in the U.S. relative to other countries.
Source: Penn Wharton Budget Model estimates based on data from U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and David Bier/Cato Institute.
Notes: USBP = United States Border Patrol; OFO = Office of Field Operations.
Estimates are nationwide and include air, land, and sea borders.
Encounters with OFO at ports of entry (PoE) are described by CBP as “inadmissibles” and encounters with USBP between PoEs are described as “apprehensions” or “arrests.” Attempting to cross at PoE without prior authorization to enter the U.S. is legal. Attempting to cross the border between PoEs is illegal even with authorization to enter through a PoE.
Entries without inspection (EWIs) are individuals who successfully attempt to cross the border between PoEs without being encountered by USBP. EWIs include border crossers directly or indirectly observed (but not intercepted) by USBP plus an estimate of the number of undetected border crossers. Undetected EWIs are estimated based on DHS modeling, adapted by Penn Wharton Budget Model.
However, one aspect of the immigration policy response to the pandemic has had a significant impact on how the surge has played out: in March 2020, the Trump administration began exercising public health emergency authorities under Title 42 of the U.S. Code, enabling them to prohibit the entry of individuals who pose a danger to public health into the U.S. Under Title 42 authorities, CBP is able “expel” migrants at the border who lack authorization to the enter the U.S. without placing them into removal proceedings – the conventional process by which U.S. authorities deport migrants to their home or a third country. Title 42 remained in effect until May 2023.
Unlike conventional removal proceedings, expulsion under Title 42 generally does not grant migrants the opportunity to enter an asylum claim and seek relief from deportation. However, also unlike removal, expulsion has no criminal or civil ramifications, such as being barred from any form of admission to the U.S. for a period of time. Expelled border crossers may attempt another crossing without fear of compounding legal consequences.
Source: Penn Wharton Budget Model estimates based on data from U.S. Customs and Border Protection, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and David Bier/Cato Institute.
Note: Entries without inspection (EWIs) are individuals who successfully attempt to cross the border between PoEs without being encountered by U.S. Border Patrol (USBP). EWIs include border crossers directly or indirectly observed (but not intercepted) by USBP plus an estimate of the number of undetected border crossers. Undetected EWIs are estimated based on DHS modeling, adapted by Penn Wharton Budget Model.
Estimates of the number of entries without inspection (EWIs) suggest that the absence of legal consequences under Title 42 had a significant impact on migrants’ behavior. Figure 7 plots the estimated number of EWIs in recent years, with the period during which Title 42 authorities were in use highlighted. The number of migrants successfully crossing illegally between ports of entry increased steadily over the Title 42 era, rising from 10 to 15 thousand per month before the surge began to a peak of more than 85,000 per month in 2023. Following the end of Title 42 in May 2023, EWIs immediately dropped 45 percent from May to June and reversed their trend, declining steadily since then.
Source: U.S. Customs and Border Protection.
Notes: Repeat encounters are individuals apprehended more than one time by the Border Patrol within a 12-month period.
From 2015 to 2022, the reference period is the fiscal year (the 12-month period ending September). In 2022 and 2023, the reference period is the 12-month period ending August.
The mechanism by which Title 42 produced a sharp increase in EWIs is clear from Figure 8, which shows the repeat encounter (or recidivism) rate. Repeat encounters are apprehensions of migrants who were apprehended more than once within a 12-month period. The repeat encounter rate rose from around 10 percent before the pandemic to more than 25 percent in 2021, when Title 42 was used most extensively. After Title 42 ended, the rate returned to around 10 percent. While Title 42 was in effect, growing numbers of migrants without recourse to the traditional process made repeated attempts to cross the border illegally. It is likely that many of those who eventually succeeded had been previously encountered by CBP and expelled. In the absence of Title 42, most of these migrants would have been apprehended and either deported or released from detention with temporary lawful status. Hence, one lasting consequence of the pandemic – via the policy response – is a rise in the unauthorized immigrant population living in the U.S.
This analysis was produced by Alex Arnon under the direction of the faculty director, Kent Smetters. Mariko Paulson prepared the brief for the website.
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Much more detail on immigration policy measures taken in response to the pandemic is available in reports from the Migration Policy Institute and the American Immigration Council. ↩
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Unless otherwise noted, all years in this brief refer to the fiscal year spanning October to September. ↩
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An examination of visa issuance statistics by the Migration Policy Institute finds that the decline in nonimmigrant visa issuance was similar for the visa classes suspended under the proclamation and those that were not. ↩
Year Adjustments of status New arrivals 2010 566576 476049 2011 580092 481948 2012 547559 484072 2013 530802 459751 2014 535126 481392 2015 542315 508716 2016 565427 618078 2017 549086 578081 2018 567884 528727 2019 572513 459252 2020 439207 268155 2021 512796 227206 2022 552631 465718 2023 615130 558510
ClassOfAdmission TypeOfAdmission Year Value Trend Employment-based preferences New arrivals 2014 21951 21210.85714 Employment-based preferences New arrivals 2015 22069 22685.91429 Employment-based preferences New arrivals 2016 24253 24160.97143 Employment-based preferences New arrivals 2017 24525 25636.02857 Employment-based preferences New arrivals 2018 27824 27111.08571 Employment-based preferences New arrivals 2019 28769 28586.14286 Employment-based preferences New arrivals 2020 15218 30061.2 Employment-based preferences New arrivals 2021 16282 31536.25714 Employment-based preferences New arrivals 2022 48911 33011.31429 Employment-based preferences New arrivals 2023 49550 34486.37143 Employment-based preferences Adjustments of status 2014 129645 125889.3333 Employment-based preferences Adjustments of status 2015 121978 122175.5333 Employment-based preferences Adjustments of status 2016 113640 118461.7333 Employment-based preferences Adjustments of status 2017 113330 114747.9333 Employment-based preferences Adjustments of status 2018 110347 111034.1333 Employment-based preferences Adjustments of status 2019 110689 107320.3333 Employment-based preferences Adjustments of status 2020 133741 103606.5333 Employment-based preferences Adjustments of status 2021 177056 99892.73333 Employment-based preferences Adjustments of status 2022 221373 96178.93333 Employment-based preferences Adjustments of status 2023 146870 92465.13333 Family-sponsored preferences New arrivals 2014 205902 211887.5238 Family-sponsored preferences New arrivals 2015 197127 209400.181 Family-sponsored preferences New arrivals 2016 222971 206912.8381 Family-sponsored preferences New arrivals 2017 218760 204425.4952 Family-sponsored preferences New arrivals 2018 204115 201938.1524 Family-sponsored preferences New arrivals 2019 185140 199450.8095 Family-sponsored preferences New arrivals 2020 107602 196963.4667 Family-sponsored preferences New arrivals 2021 44188 194476.1238 Family-sponsored preferences New arrivals 2022 153615 191988.781 Family-sponsored preferences New arrivals 2023 191410 189501.4381 Family-sponsored preferences Adjustments of status 2014 23202 19218 Family-sponsored preferences Adjustments of status 2015 16783 18199.2 Family-sponsored preferences Adjustments of status 2016 15116 17180.4 Family-sponsored preferences Adjustments of status 2017 13478 16161.6 Family-sponsored preferences Adjustments of status 2018 12448 15142.8 Family-sponsored preferences Adjustments of status 2019 18999 14124 Family-sponsored preferences Adjustments of status 2020 13958 13105.2 Family-sponsored preferences Adjustments of status 2021 21502 12086.4 Family-sponsored preferences Adjustments of status 2022 12426 11067.6 Family-sponsored preferences Adjustments of status 2023 11130 10048.8
Year Individuals 2014 3301868 2015 3574129 2016 3696099 2017 3694224 2018 3690128 2019 3765605 2020 2558810 2021 1804679 2022 2924421 2023 4187167
Year ClassOfAdmission Individuals 2014 Academic students (F1) 947131 2015 Academic students (F1) 1028343 2016 Academic students (F1) 1031444 2017 Academic students (F1) 1005885 2018 Academic students (F1) 1015198 2019 Academic students (F1) 990614 2020 Academic students (F1) 645198 2021 Academic students (F1) 520655 2022 Academic students (F1) 763262 2023 Academic students (F1) 960415 2014 Temporary workers in specialty occupations (H-1B) 277990 2015 Temporary workers in specialty occupations (H-1B) 291939 2016 Temporary workers in specialty occupations (H-1B) 294747 2017 Temporary workers in specialty occupations (H-1B) 288587 2018 Temporary workers in specialty occupations (H-1B) 309821 2019 Temporary workers in specialty occupations (H-1B) 326779 2020 Temporary workers in specialty occupations (H-1B) 263349 2021 Temporary workers in specialty occupations (H-1B) 99013 2022 Temporary workers in specialty occupations (H-1B) 262663 2023 Temporary workers in specialty occupations (H-1B) 438302
Year Annual ceiling Refugee arrivals 2014 70000 69975 2015 70000 69920 2016 85000 84989 2017 110000 53691 2018 45000 22405 2019 30000 29916 2020 18000 11840 2021 62500 11454 2022 125000 25519 2023 125000 60020 2024 125000 100034
Date Encounters at ports of entry (OFO) Encounters between ports of entry (USBP) Entries without inspection 2014-01-01 21391 29233 17022 2014-02-01 18939 36933 21505 2014-03-01 21182 50168 29212 2014-04-01 20093 52061 30314 2014-05-01 20840 61357 35727 2014-06-01 20133 58613 34129 2014-07-01 22210 41350 24077 2014-08-01 24575 32099 18691 2014-09-01 23308 26511 15437 2014-10-01 20632 26993 13355 2014-11-01 18919 25135 12436 2014-12-01 21060 25585 12659 2015-01-01 21391 21954 10862 2015-02-01 18939 24751 12246 2015-03-01 21182 30178 14931 2015-04-01 20093 30117 14901 2015-05-01 20840 31930 15798 2015-06-01 20133 29807 14748 2015-07-01 22210 28936 14317 2015-08-01 24575 30900 15288 2015-09-01 23308 30831 15254 2015-10-01 24424 33266 10276 2015-11-01 23534 33304 10288 2015-12-01 24200 37602 11615 2016-01-01 22804 24170 7466 2016-02-01 23648 26512 8190 2016-03-01 23857 33940 10484 2016-04-01 21324 38738 11966 2016-05-01 26276 40972 12656 2016-06-01 22347 35000 10812 2016-07-01 24364 34424 10634 2016-08-01 27124 37703 11646 2016-09-01 27196 40185 12413 2016-10-01 31231 46684 15593 2016-11-01 25786 47681 13518 2016-12-01 25511 43854 11560 2017-01-01 20518 32109 11858 2017-02-01 12073 19330 10627 2017-03-01 13075 12750 8231 2017-04-01 12529 11677 5997 2017-05-01 13564 15172 8261 2017-06-01 13542 16654 8238 2017-07-01 14943 18782 8848 2017-08-01 16573 22932 9512 2017-09-01 16539 22906 10505 2017-10-01 29193.66667 26039 11681 2017-11-01 24995 29627 13713 2017-12-01 24612.33333 29419 13261 2018-01-01 21162.33333 26636 11477 2018-02-01 16138.33333 27222 12131 2018-03-01 15725.33333 38075 14614 2018-04-01 12684.66667 38862 14030 2018-05-01 14801 40963 13643 2018-06-01 14903 34883 11961 2018-07-01 14353 32011 11575 2018-08-01 16351.66667 38233 11915 2018-09-01 16460.33333 42172 12057 2018-10-01 27156.33333 51801 14018 2018-11-01 24204 52419 14569 2018-12-01 23713.66667 51320 11258 2019-01-01 21806.66667 48582 11666 2019-02-01 20203.66667 67422 14238 2019-03-01 18375.66667 93593 20518 2019-04-01 12840.33333 99947 19645 2019-05-01 16038 133541 23493 2019-06-01 16264 95576 19531 2019-07-01 13763 72652 15565 2019-08-01 16130.33333 51479 13599 2019-09-01 16381.66667 41169 12755 2019-10-01 25119 36040 15200 2019-11-01 23413 34111 15455 2019-12-01 22815 33371 16232 2020-01-01 22451 29803 13836 2020-02-01 24269 30615 15772 2020-03-01 21026 30767 15629 2020-04-01 12996 16221 6865 2020-05-01 17275 21727 7999 2020-06-01 17625 31038 10492 2020-07-01 13173 38805 12554 2020-08-01 15909 47526 14395 2020-09-01 16303 55012 16519 2020-10-01 18582 69223 23814 2020-11-01 17223 69396 25284 2020-12-01 18931 71317 26610 2021-01-01 17512 75528 22546 2021-02-01 15515 97815 29034 2021-03-01 20240 169442 46287 2021-04-01 20248 173913 49775 2021-05-01 23243 172973 57491 2021-06-01 26569 178896 47464 2021-07-01 30306 200856 46010 2021-08-01 31030 196809 48452 2021-09-01 24573 185999 52749 2021-10-01 24774 159652 63003 2021-11-01 28035 167445 61189 2021-12-01 31029 171171 55454 2022-01-01 34959 148512 55257 2022-02-01 27525 159519 65526 2022-03-01 34543 211896 81135 2022-04-01 54186 204011 72997 2022-05-01 45439 225100 75440 2022-06-01 49792 193027 63876 2022-07-01 51154 182536 54460 2022-08-01 62224 183228 54712 2022-09-01 58813 208555 56214 2022-10-01 66411 206902 75922 2022-11-01 70789 209496 85432 2022-12-01 74339 224017 82940 2023-01-01 73922 131720 68438 2023-02-01 78444 131547 76339 2023-03-01 90566 165068 85486 2023-04-01 87880 185149 84844 2023-05-01 101589 172423 70570 2023-06-01 110851 100606 38713 2023-07-01 111090 134064 34255 2023-08-01 121696 182377 37629 2023-09-01 121069 220323 44361 2023-10-01 118577 190458 40765 2023-11-01 116266 192359 37104 2023-12-01 119720 251179 34234 2024-01-01 117119 125444 20804 2024-02-01 113985 142103 27925 2024-03-01 107405 139126 26923 2024-04-01 116862 131077 23649 2024-05-01 119291 121646 21947 2024-06-01 117338 87610 15806 2024-07-01 110558 59654 10763 2024-08-01 98274 60714 10953
Date Entry Without Inspection 2015-01-01 10862 2015-02-01 12246 2015-03-01 14931 2015-04-01 14901 2015-05-01 15798 2015-06-01 14748 2015-07-01 14317 2015-08-01 15288 2015-09-01 15254 2015-10-01 10276 2015-11-01 10288 2015-12-01 11615 2016-01-01 7466 2016-02-01 8190 2016-03-01 10484 2016-04-01 11966 2016-05-01 12656 2016-06-01 10812 2016-07-01 10634 2016-08-01 11646 2016-09-01 12413 2016-10-01 15593 2016-11-01 13518 2016-12-01 11560 2017-01-01 11858 2017-02-01 10627 2017-03-01 8231 2017-04-01 5997 2017-05-01 8261 2017-06-01 8238 2017-07-01 8848 2017-08-01 9512 2017-09-01 10505 2017-10-01 11681 2017-11-01 13713 2017-12-01 13261 2018-01-01 11477 2018-02-01 12131 2018-03-01 14614 2018-04-01 14030 2018-05-01 13643 2018-06-01 11961 2018-07-01 11575 2018-08-01 11915 2018-09-01 12057 2018-10-01 14018 2018-11-01 14569 2018-12-01 11258 2019-01-01 11666 2019-02-01 14238 2019-03-01 20518 2019-04-01 19645 2019-05-01 23493 2019-06-01 19531 2019-07-01 15565 2019-08-01 13599 2019-09-01 12755 2019-10-01 15200 2019-11-01 15455 2019-12-01 16232 2020-01-01 13836 2020-02-01 15772 2020-03-01 15629 2020-04-01 6865 2020-05-01 7999 2020-06-01 10492 2020-07-01 12554 2020-08-01 14395 2020-09-01 16519 2020-10-01 23814 2020-11-01 25284 2020-12-01 26610 2021-01-01 22546 2021-02-01 29034 2021-03-01 46287 2021-04-01 49775 2021-05-01 57491 2021-06-01 47464 2021-07-01 46010 2021-08-01 48452 2021-09-01 52749 2021-10-01 63003 2021-11-01 61189 2021-12-01 55454 2022-01-01 55257 2022-02-01 65526 2022-03-01 81135 2022-04-01 72997 2022-05-01 75440 2022-06-01 63876 2022-07-01 54460 2022-08-01 54712 2022-09-01 56214 2022-10-01 75922 2022-11-01 85432 2022-12-01 82940 2023-01-01 68438 2023-02-01 76339 2023-03-01 85486 2023-04-01 84844 2023-05-01 70570 2023-06-01 38713 2023-07-01 34255 2023-08-01 37629 2023-09-01 44361 2023-10-01 40765 2023-11-01 37104 2023-12-01 34234 2024-01-01 20804 2024-02-01 27925 2024-03-01 26923 2024-04-01 23649 2024-05-01 21947 2024-06-01 15806 2024-07-01 10763 2024-08-01 10953
Year Repeat Rate 2015 0.14 2016 0.12 2017 0.1 2018 0.11 2019 0.07 2020 0.26 2021 0.27 2022 0.21 2023 0.11