Seven reform packages each avoid Social Security trust fund depletion through 2100. Their 2060 GDP effects range from +0.4 to +12.1 percent and differ in who pays across generations.
The USITC recently released updated trade and tariff data. As of July 2026, the effective tariff rate stood at 6.7 percent.
PWBM projects that exempting STEM immigrants from green card caps would raise U.S. output 4.0 percent and lower federal debt 5.5 percent by 2059, with low-education workers gaining most and incumbent foreign-born STEM workers persistently worse off.
The USITC recently released updated trade and tariff data. As of June 2026, the effective tariff rate stood at 7.1 percent.
We project that the new $100,000 H-1B fee and wage-weighted lottery would raise mean selected pay by $7,551 to $18,799 (6.7 to 16.7 percent) over the prior random lottery at current prevailing wages, with most of the gain from the weighting, not the fee.
PWBM projects that tariffs enacted by the Trump administration will raise $2.1 trillion in additional revenue over 10 years, with the long-run average effective tariff rate settling near 9.4 percent after importers substitute away from tariffed goods.
PWBM projects that Social Security's combined trust fund depletes in February 2035 with a 75-year shortfall of 4.65 percent of taxable payroll, close to the 2026 Trustees Report despite offsetting differences in fertility and mortality projections.
We estimate that the United States federal debt cannot rationally exceed roughly 210 percent of GDP as an outer limit. Under historical excess cost growth in healthcare, this outer limit is likely reached within 20 years; there is a 25% chance of reaching it in 14 years. Debt markets unravel earlier if beliefs about government repayment shift.
PWBM projects the U.S. resident population will grow from 343.5 million in 2026 to 371.5 million in 2056, with net immigration accounting for more than 100 percent of this growth. Real GDP growth slows from 2.2 percent to 1.1 percent as growing mandatory spending is matched with shrinking working-age labor force participation.
DOL's proposed experience benchmarking alternative would raise mean H-1B compensation by $27,686 (+24.7%) over the random lottery — $7,076 above the NPRM primary rule — while excluding 56 percent of current registrations and shifting selections toward younger workers.
The USITC recently released updated trade and tariff data. As of July 2026, the effective tariff rate stood at 6.7 percent.
DOL's proposed prevailing wage increase would nearly double the compensation effect of the new wage-weighted H-1B lottery, raising mean selected-registrant pay by $20,611 (+18.4%) over the prior random lottery.
American retirees receive over twice as much in total federal outlays as working-age adults and six times more than children and young adults. These ratios are even larger on a per-capita basis. Expenditures on retirees are projected to rise even more.
We project that Social Security's Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund will deplete in six years (2032). We consider five different reform options that vary in the amount of tax increases and benefit cuts. Traditional policy analysis that dominates federal policymaking often provides very different — even opposite — insights compared to more comprehensive modeling.
We estimate that AI will increase productivity and GDP by 1.5% by 2035, nearly 3% by 2055, and 3.7% by 2075. AI’s boost to annual productivity growth is strongest in the early 2030s but eventually fades, with a permanent effect of less than 0.04 percentage points due to sectoral shifts.
Seven reform packages each avoid Social Security trust fund depletion through 2100. Their 2060 GDP effects range from +0.4 to +12.1 percent and differ in who pays across generations.
PWBM projects that exempting STEM immigrants from green card caps would raise U.S. output 4.0 percent and lower federal debt 5.5 percent by 2059, with low-education workers gaining most and incumbent foreign-born STEM workers persistently worse off.
The USITC recently released updated trade and tariff data. As of June 2026, the effective tariff rate stood at 7.1 percent.
We project that the new $100,000 H-1B fee and wage-weighted lottery would raise mean selected pay by $7,551 to $18,799 (6.7 to 16.7 percent) over the prior random lottery at current prevailing wages, with most of the gain from the weighting, not the fee.
PWBM projects that tariffs enacted by the Trump administration will raise $2.1 trillion in additional revenue over 10 years, with the long-run average effective tariff rate settling near 9.4 percent after importers substitute away from tariffed goods.
