Summary: U.S. population growth is projected to decline, and the population will become much older over time. Preventing these outcomes will require faster immigration by several multiples of its current rate.
Key Points
Recent declines in the total fertility rate have pushed it below the population replacement level of 2.1 percent per woman. The Penn Wharton Budget Model (PWBM) microsimulation projects the TFR to remain below this level during the next few decades.
Mortality projections suggest improvements in longevity by all groups. College educated individuals enjoy the lowest mortality rates, an advantage that will persist over time.
Persistently low fertility will make the balance of births minus deaths negative. A positive, albeit declining, population growth rate will be sustained, however, because of sustained positive net immigration.
The shift of baby-boomer workers into retirement portends a decline in the worker-to-retiree ratio from 3.0 today to 2.0 by 2075. A faster annual immigration rate, equal to about 3.5 times the current rate, would be required to restore the ratio over the long term.
U.S. Demographic Projections: With and Without Immigration
Introduction
Key determinants of the future size and composition of the population are fertility, mortality, and net immigration rates by person attributes including race, gender, and education among others.
The Penn Wharton Budget Model’s microsimulation is based on calibrating and projecting more than 60 U.S. demographic variables such as age, gender, race, marital status, education, family size. region of residence, immigration, legal status, etc. using micro-data on the United States population. The data are taken from various sources including the Census Bureau, The Centers for Disease Control, the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the University of Michigan Survey Center, and others. All statistics and Figures cited in this Brief are based on the PWBM microsimulation’s projections.
This Brief describes the microsimulation’s outcomes of fertility, mortality, and immigration, population growth, worker-retiree ratio, and population composition by race and education over the next few decades. The outcomes are classified by gender, age, education, and race. Under these projections, U.S. population’s growth will slow but remain positive. The population’s composition by race and education will change significantly over the coming decades.
Fertility Outcomes
United States’ total fertility rate (TFR) has declined during the 2nd decade of this century. According to the Congressional Budget Office, U.S. TFR (the average number of children per woman over her fertile life span of 14-49, assuming current fertility rates by female age) remained close to 2.0 for two decades since the mid-1980s.1 A sustained decline after the Great Recession of 2008-09 through Covid-19 onset in 2020 saw the TFR reaching below 1.7 in some years. Figure 1 shows PWBM’ projections of TFR.
In Figure 1, Panel A shows that the TFR in the next few decades is projected to average about 1.7 per woman, well below the replacement rate of 2.1 children per woman. The projected trend in TFR declines, however, from above 1.7 in the near term and approaches 1.6 by the 2060s. Figure 1’s Panel B decomposes the TFR by female lifetime educational attainment: By those who attain college degrees and those who do not over their lifespans. Women who attain college degrees are projected to sustain lower fertility rates compared to those who do not. And Panel C shows that the white-nonwhite fertility differential is likely to abate over time. This occurs because of fertility postponement by non-white women as more of them pursue higher educational attainment.
Figure 2 shows that fertility rates by female age are projected to decline gradually and shift rightward over time. This projection carries forward the observed historical trend of fertility postponement associated with higher female lifetime educational attainment.
Mortality Outcomes
U.S. mortality rates by age are projected to decline. The PWBM microsimulation accounts for the changes in mortality by race, education, marital status, and other features.
Figure 3 shows that the overwhelming share of all deaths occur among adults aged 65 and older. The total mortality rate (TMR) will increase as members of the large baby-boomer cohort die by mid-century, after which the TMR will stabilize at just above 1 percent of the population per year.
Figure 4’s Panel A shows that compared to whites, blacks have higher mortality rates. Mortality rates of “other” races (Hispanic, Asian, and Alaskan Native, Pacific Islanders, and others) are lowest (yellow lines in Panel B). All races are projected to enjoy reduced mortality rates during future decades (dashed lines in Panel A). Panel B shows that women currently have lower mortality rates than men with the differential expected to persist over time. This occurs because a larger fraction of women will attain college education and will likely reap the gains in reduced mortality associated with education. Finally, Figure 4’s Panel C shows that college-educated individuals have lower mortality rates. Mortality differentials across education groups are projected to narrow over time.
Net Immigration
When fertility rates are below the population replacement level, immigration can make up the shortfall to keep population growth positive. This has been true since the decline of U.S. fertility rates to well below the population replacement level of 2.1 after the Great Recession of 2008-09.
Figure 5 shows net immigration rates by education and race and a decomposition of immigrants by legal status. Panel A of the Figure shows that immigrants will far outnumber emigrants. After the recent immigration surge passes, annual net immigration is projected to be about 0.3 percent of the population. Panel B shows that after accounting for additional education acquired after immigrating into the United States, the share of college and non-college immigrants are projected to be similar. Panel C shows that non-white immigrants will continue to outnumber white immigrants.
Figure 6 shows that immigrants’ population share is projected to increase in the future. The share of unauthorized nonresidents is projected to decline from 3.4 percent today to 2.7 percent by the 2060s.
Population Growth Outcomes
Population growth depends on the relative strengths of factors that add people (births and immigration) relative to those that remove people (deaths and emigration) from the resident population. Figure 7 shows projected outcomes of births, deaths, immigration, and emigration as shares of the total population. Panel A of the Figure shows that births-plus-immigration will dominate deaths-plus-emigration through the next few decades but the strength of the former relative to the latter will weaken. Panel B shows an alternative view: Births net of deaths and net immigration. The four elements generate positive but declining population growth through midcentury.
Although U.S. birth rates have declined and are projected to remain below the population replacement rate of 2.1 per woman, net immigration and improvements in longevity will continue to generate positive population growth through 2100.
Figure 8’s Panel A shows details of births and deaths: Deaths spiked during 2020 and 2021 due Covid-19. They are projected to revert toward 1 percent per year during the next few decades. Births, however, are projected to decline gradually over time. Panel B of the Figure shows high rates of immigration during the first few years after 2020, reflecting the on-going “border crisis.” The immigration rate is projected to remain more than twice as large as the emigration rate, which helps to maintain a positive, albeit declining U.S. population growth rate (shown in Panel B).
Changing Composition of the U.S. Population
The future U.S. population will be shaped by changes in its age distribution, racial mix, and lifetime educational attainment. Figure 9 shows the distributions. Panel A of the Figure shows that the U.S. adult population today is characterized by the baby-boomers entering retirement followed by their successors (the “echo boomers”) in their twenties and thirties. And Panel B shows that by 2065, both male and female lifetime educational attainment groups will be larger compared to today (lighter shaded areas show shares of those with a college degree; darker shaded areas show those without a college degree).
In the legend, “nH” stands for “non-Hispanic.”
Panel A of Figure 10 shows that younger (non-adult generations) are smaller than the “echo-boomers,” consistent with recent declines in U.S. fertility rates. It shows the distribution of today’s U.S. population by five race categories (white non-Hispanic, non-white non-Hispanic, Hispanic, Asian, and Other). Finally, Panel B of the Figure shows the 2065 U.S. population decomposed by race. It shows that the racial composition of the population will shift markedly toward a smaller share of non-Hispanic whites and larger shares of other race groups, especially Hispanic and Asian.
Worker-Retiree Ratio
Panel A of Figure 11 shows that the population share of persons aged 65 and older is projected to increase over time. That increase is projected to cause a rapid initial decline in the worker-retiree ratio from 2.9 today to about 2.3 by 2035, as Panel B shows. The ratio is projected to continue declining after the 2030s and approach 2.0 by the 2060s as the population continues to grow older.
Immigration policy to restore the worker-retiree ratio over the long term
Panel A of Figure 12 shows the PWBM microsimulation’s projections of annual increases among workers (aged 25-64, blue line) and retirees (aged 65 and older, red line). Both microsimulation time series include immigration into each group as projected under the current immigration policy – a quota of 675,000 per year (green line) – most of which augments the worker group.
Nevertheless, the ongoing shift of baby boomers from the worker to the retiree group implies that annual increases among retirees far outstrip those of workers. Indeed, worker transitions into the older group are so large that the increase in workers (blue line) is smaller than net immigration of workers (yellow line).
The large increase in retirees relative to workers is projected to reduce the worker-to-retiree ratio (black line in Panel B of Figure 12) from almost 3.0 today to 2.0 by 2075. One potential way of preventing the decline in the worker-retiree ratio is to increase the annual immigration quota. Increases in net immigration each year would cumulatively increase the number of workers. This means that increasing the immigration quota (by some multiple of the current quota) would shift the time profile of the worker-retiree ratio upward.
How large would the quota increases have to be to restore the worker-retiree ratio, over the long term, back to its current level? The lines in Panel B of Figure 12, which show the worker-retiree ratio under alternative multiples of the current immigration quota (beginning in the year 2020) provide the answer: A quota multiple of 3.5 (uppermost dark red line) would be required.
This analysis was produced by Jagadeesh Gokhale. Prepared for the website by Mariko Paulson
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See Congressional Budget Office, “The Demographic Outlook, 2024-2054,” January, 2024. ↩
type 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047 2048 2049 2050 2051 2052 2053 2054 2055 2056 2057 2058 2059 2060 2061 2062 2063 2064 2065 NonCollege 1.91532 1.9298 1.95759 1.9473 1.90178 1.87634 1.8675 1.90891 1.88457 1.89853 1.84724 1.85358 1.87433 1.84565 1.82892 1.88801 1.89109 1.81866 1.83241 1.83852 1.85483 1.80544 1.84564 1.79696 1.84656 1.81191 1.81465 1.77474 1.78687 1.82737 1.77545 1.75268 1.80748 1.746 1.86896 1.78976 1.73234 1.75484 1.73959 1.79886 1.77279 1.72463 1.76266 1.82116 1.71871 1.74212 College 1.71738 1.61126 1.68628 1.67257 1.67059 1.64278 1.6649 1.61997 1.66369 1.60495 1.67445 1.56539 1.58567 1.62223 1.63528 1.61253 1.56499 1.59268 1.61564 1.59047 1.57003 1.60442 1.58914 1.54727 1.5561 1.59451 1.56228 1.58281 1.57997 1.57585 1.5374 1.53605 1.56837 1.53676 1.56329 1.53339 1.56982 1.55098 1.52626 1.55453 1.53194 1.5397 1.49895 1.52569 1.55305 1.51179 NonWhite 1.93015 1.84527 1.92048 1.86396 1.83844 1.81579 1.82103 1.79966 1.82618 1.81279 1.77708 1.74162 1.78765 1.77958 1.77156 1.81134 1.77829 1.75472 1.76476 1.72714 1.73313 1.71565 1.74716 1.70425 1.6712 1.70278 1.70041 1.69365 1.70655 1.67933 1.60789 1.64469 1.68036 1.62789 1.72081 1.64344 1.61608 1.6563 1.63083 1.70698 1.6402 1.61492 1.64764 1.65019 1.62443 1.62684 White 1.64927 1.62286 1.66201 1.68478 1.67444 1.64965 1.65619 1.68176 1.6859 1.65599 1.72952 1.65581 1.66036 1.68467 1.68578 1.67555 1.65565 1.64176 1.66037 1.67325 1.6555 1.66354 1.6379 1.59168 1.68152 1.6583 1.61974 1.61494 1.60887 1.67414 1.66707 1.59725 1.64979 1.61951 1.6538 1.64014 1.67058 1.61831 1.6023 1.60485 1.63733 1.63816 1.57688 1.6709 1.64387 1.6085 All 1.78504 1.73054 1.78835 1.77351 1.7578 1.73259 1.73976 1.7426 1.75709 1.7372 1.75436 1.70061 1.72628 1.73449 1.73125 1.74728 1.72086 1.70098 1.71604 1.70205 1.69646 1.69023 1.69694 1.65169 1.67622 1.68229 1.66438 1.6573 1.66232 1.67669 1.63393 1.6233 1.66603 1.62335 1.69114 1.64188 1.63993 1.6394 1.61845 1.66286 1.63916 1.62486 1.61791 1.65855 1.63214 1.61805
Female Age,2020,2035,2050,2065 17,0.018982933,0.012207766,0.008385521,0.006050669 18,0.037059222,0.030701011,0.026114133,0.023121874 19,0.052644547,0.046740895,0.041531054,0.038055115 20,0.065866765,0.060449781,0.054750051,0.050951017 21,0.076853731,0.071950029,0.065884891,0.061910211 22,0.085733304,0.081363999,0.075049338,0.071033322 23,0.092633338,0.088814054,0.082357159,0.078420979 24,0.097681691,0.094422554,0.087922121,0.084173809 25,0.101006219,0.098311861,0.09185799,0.08839244 26,0.102734778,0.100604335,0.094278531,0.091177499 27,0.102995225,0.101422337,0.095297511,0.092629614 28,0.101915417,0.100888229,0.095028696,0.092849412 29,0.099623209,0.099124372,0.093585853,0.091937522 30,0.096246459,0.096253127,0.091082746,0.08999457 31,0.091913022,0.092396854,0.087633143,0.087121184 32,0.086750756,0.087677915,0.08335081,0.083417993 33,0.080887516,0.082218671,0.078349513,0.078985623 34,0.07445116,0.076141483,0.072743018,0.073924701 35,0.067569543,0.069568712,0.066645091,0.068335857 36,0.060370522,0.062622719,0.060169498,0.062319717 37,0.052981954,0.055425866,0.053430006,0.055976908 38,0.045531695,0.048100513,0.046540381,0.049408059 39,0.038147601,0.040769021,0.039614388,0.042713797 40,0.03095753,0.033553751,0.032765794,0.03599475 41,0.024089337,0.026577065,0.026108366,0.029351545 42,0.017670879,0.019961324,0.019755868,0.022884809 43,0.011830012,0.013828888,0.013822068,0.016695171 44,0.006694593,0.008302119,0.008420732,0.010883258 45,0.002392478,0.003503378,0.003665626,0.005549697 46,0,0,0,0.000795117
,0-24,25-54,55-64,65+,TMR 2020,0.019,0.119,0.133,0.79,1.061 2021,0.031,0.141,0.136,0.849,1.158 2022,0.022,0.092,0.107,0.677,0.899 2023,0.023,0.093,0.106,0.698,0.92 2024,0.02,0.099,0.102,0.708,0.928 2025,0.018,0.088,0.097,0.726,0.929 2026,0.02,0.09,0.102,0.737,0.949 2027,0.022,0.088,0.097,0.759,0.966 2028,0.019,0.088,0.093,0.753,0.953 2029,0.018,0.086,0.089,0.795,0.987 2030,0.02,0.086,0.091,0.797,0.995 2031,0.022,0.088,0.089,0.845,1.044 2032,0.02,0.092,0.085,0.861,1.057 2033,0.018,0.089,0.083,0.86,1.05 2034,0.021,0.085,0.081,0.872,1.059 2035,0.021,0.094,0.085,0.901,1.101 2036,0.021,0.085,0.084,0.893,1.083 2037,0.02,0.088,0.073,0.932,1.113 2038,0.017,0.089,0.08,0.925,1.11 2039,0.021,0.085,0.081,0.941,1.128 2040,0.022,0.087,0.077,0.975,1.161 2041,0.02,0.088,0.081,0.949,1.138 2042,0.021,0.083,0.086,1.005,1.195 2043,0.019,0.085,0.082,0.982,1.168 2044,0.021,0.083,0.086,1.009,1.198 2045,0.019,0.084,0.085,0.984,1.173 2046,0.023,0.087,0.086,1.005,1.201 2047,0.016,0.084,0.078,1.007,1.185 2048,0.02,0.081,0.094,1.021,1.216 2049,0.019,0.083,0.091,1.013,1.206 2050,0.019,0.077,0.083,1.007,1.186 2051,0.02,0.087,0.087,1.035,1.229 2052,0.021,0.081,0.091,1.018,1.212 2053,0.02,0.087,0.087,1.013,1.206 2054,0.021,0.083,0.087,1,1.191 2055,0.017,0.079,0.079,1.014,1.19 2056,0.017,0.08,0.089,0.998,1.185 2057,0.018,0.08,0.087,1.001,1.186 2058,0.022,0.084,0.079,1.02,1.205 2059,0.019,0.074,0.078,1.011,1.183 2060,0.019,0.077,0.09,1.028,1.214 2061,0.016,0.078,0.083,1.019,1.195 2062,0.017,0.079,0.083,1.022,1.201 2063,0.019,0.077,0.082,1.026,1.203 2064,0.017,0.078,0.079,1.036,1.21 2065,0.015,0.07,0.083,1.019,1.188
,2020s White,2060s White,2020s Black,2060s Black,2020s Other,2060s Other 50,0.274,0.171,0.472,0.561,0.141,0.116 51,0.387,0.283,0.585,0.605,0.235,0.204 52,0.485,0.378,0.691,0.648,0.317,0.277 53,0.571,0.459,0.791,0.692,0.388,0.338 54,0.645,0.526,0.886,0.737,0.451,0.389 55,0.709,0.581,0.977,0.784,0.505,0.431 56,0.767,0.628,1.066,0.833,0.553,0.465 57,0.818,0.667,1.153,0.885,0.595,0.493 58,0.866,0.7,1.239,0.942,0.634,0.518 59,0.912,0.73,1.326,1.003,0.671,0.54 60,0.958,0.758,1.415,1.069,0.707,0.56 61,1.005,0.786,1.506,1.14,0.744,0.582 62,1.056,0.817,1.601,1.219,0.783,0.606 63,1.112,0.851,1.702,1.305,0.825,0.634 64,1.176,0.891,1.808,1.398,0.871,0.667 65,1.248,0.94,1.922,1.5,0.925,0.708 66,1.332,0.997,2.044,1.612,0.985,0.757 67,1.428,1.067,2.176,1.733,1.055,0.817 68,1.538,1.15,2.318,1.865,1.135,0.888 69,1.665,1.249,2.471,2.008,1.227,0.974 70,1.81,1.365,2.638,2.163,1.333,1.074 71,1.975,1.5,2.818,2.331,1.453,1.192 72,2.162,1.656,3.014,2.512,1.589,1.328 73,2.372,1.836,3.225,2.707,1.743,1.484 74,2.608,2.041,3.454,2.917,1.915,1.661 75,2.871,2.272,3.701,3.142,2.108,1.862 76,3.164,2.533,3.967,3.383,2.323,2.088 77,3.487,2.824,4.254,3.641,2.56,2.341 78,3.844,3.148,4.563,3.916,2.823,2.621 79,4.234,3.506,4.894,4.209,3.111,2.932 80,4.662,3.901,5.25,4.521,3.427,3.273 81,5.128,4.334,5.63,4.852,3.771,3.648 82,5.633,4.808,6.036,5.203,4.146,4.057 83,6.181,5.324,6.47,5.575,4.552,4.503 84,6.773,5.884,6.932,5.969,4.992,4.987 85,7.41,6.49,7.423,6.384,5.465,5.509
,2020s Female,2060s Female,2020s Male,2060s Male 50,0.139,0.083,0.356,0.312 51,0.25,0.178,0.477,0.41 52,0.345,0.258,0.586,0.494 53,0.426,0.323,0.684,0.568 54,0.494,0.377,0.772,0.633 55,0.552,0.42,0.853,0.691 56,0.601,0.454,0.928,0.742 57,0.643,0.482,0.998,0.79 58,0.679,0.503,1.066,0.835 59,0.713,0.522,1.134,0.88 60,0.745,0.538,1.202,0.925 61,0.777,0.555,1.272,0.973 62,0.812,0.573,1.347,1.024 63,0.85,0.594,1.428,1.082 64,0.895,0.621,1.517,1.148 65,0.947,0.654,1.615,1.222 66,1.009,0.695,1.723,1.307 67,1.081,0.747,1.845,1.405 68,1.167,0.811,1.981,1.517 69,1.268,0.888,2.132,1.645 70,1.386,0.981,2.302,1.791 71,1.523,1.091,2.491,1.955 72,1.679,1.219,2.701,2.14 73,1.859,1.368,2.934,2.348 74,2.062,1.54,3.192,2.58 75,2.291,1.735,3.475,2.838 76,2.548,1.956,3.787,3.123 77,2.834,2.204,4.128,3.437 78,3.152,2.482,4.5,3.782 79,3.503,2.79,4.906,4.16 80,3.89,3.131,5.346,4.572 81,4.313,3.507,5.822,5.019 82,4.775,3.918,6.336,5.504 83,5.277,4.367,6.89,6.028 84,5.822,4.855,7.485,6.593 85,6.411,5.385,8.124,7.2
,2020s NoCollege,2060s NoCollege,2020s College,2060s College 50,0.423,0.407,-0.011,-0.021 51,0.526,0.491,0.101,0.091 52,0.618,0.567,0.194,0.184 53,0.702,0.635,0.271,0.259 54,0.778,0.697,0.334,0.319 55,0.848,0.754,0.384,0.366 56,0.913,0.807,0.424,0.402 57,0.976,0.858,0.456,0.429 58,1.037,0.907,0.481,0.448 59,1.098,0.956,0.502,0.463 60,1.16,1.006,0.521,0.475 61,1.225,1.059,0.539,0.486 62,1.295,1.115,0.56,0.499 63,1.37,1.177,0.584,0.515 64,1.453,1.244,0.613,0.536 65,1.544,1.32,0.651,0.565 66,1.646,1.404,0.698,0.603 67,1.759,1.498,0.757,0.653 68,1.886,1.603,0.829,0.717 69,2.027,1.721,0.917,0.796 70,2.185,1.853,1.023,0.893 71,2.36,2,1.149,1.01 72,2.554,2.163,1.297,1.149 73,2.769,2.344,1.468,1.313 74,3.007,2.543,1.665,1.502 75,3.267,2.763,1.89,1.719 76,3.553,3.004,2.144,1.967 77,3.865,3.268,2.431,2.246 78,4.205,3.556,2.751,2.561 79,4.575,3.869,3.107,2.911 80,4.976,4.208,3.5,3.3 81,5.409,4.576,3.934,3.73 82,5.876,4.972,4.409,4.202 83,6.379,5.398,4.928,4.719 84,6.918,5.856,5.493,5.283 85,7.496,6.346,6.105,5.896
item 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047 2048 2049 2050 2051 2052 2053 2054 2055 2056 2057 2058 2059 2060 Population 329370496 330452304 332036432 334152000 335813296 337477504 338969904 340479776 342098848 343610176 345168096 346552752 347695712 348860512 350066080 351080912 352101568 353183376 353982720 354636464 355229056 355894448 356535088 357076720 357647472 358279376 358671040 359292752 359837296 360046960 360390576 360811360 361277280 361344256 361654384 361941216 362385296 362720176 363101648 363567568 363940304 Female 0.0562 0.0999 0.2687 0.2142 0.138 0.1495 0.1494 0.1475 0.1455 0.1472 0.1435 0.1528 0.1547 0.153 0.151 0.162 0.1423 0.147 0.1524 0.1523 0.1579 0.1558 0.1585 0.1524 0.1499 0.1537 0.1535 0.1612 0.1535 0.1583 0.1584 0.1529 0.1493 0.1482 0.1529 0.1584 0.1556 0.1502 0.1547 0.1574 0.1574 Male 0.0482 0.0863 0.2386 0.1735 0.1321 0.1226 0.1137 0.12 0.1242 0.1236 0.1327 0.1283 0.1237 0.1296 0.1337 0.1338 0.1375 0.1473 0.1345 0.1323 0.126 0.1328 0.1347 0.1328 0.1378 0.1324 0.1379 0.1294 0.1321 0.1401 0.1298 0.1461 0.1381 0.1327 0.141 0.1378 0.1407 0.1406 0.1326 0.1425 0.1374 Total Net 0.1044 0.1862 0.5073 0.3877 0.27 0.2721 0.263 0.2675 0.2697 0.2708 0.2762 0.2811 0.2784 0.2826 0.2846 0.2957 0.2798 0.2943 0.2869 0.2846 0.2839 0.2886 0.2932 0.2852 0.2877 0.2861 0.2914 0.2906 0.2856 0.2984 0.2883 0.2991 0.2874 0.2809 0.2939 0.2962 0.2963 0.2907 0.2872 0.2998 0.2947 NonWhite 0.0749 0.1465 0.3953 0.2994 0.209 0.2064 0.2028 0.2015 0.2115 0.2022 0.2212 0.2213 0.2149 0.2182 0.2289 0.2198 0.215 0.2225 0.2198 0.2129 0.22 0.2321 0.2346 0.229 0.2215 0.2136 0.2332 0.2305 0.2266 0.242 0.2288 0.235 0.2255 0.2229 0.2387 0.2377 0.2289 0.2338 0.246 0.2345 0.2285 White 0.0295 0.0396 0.112 0.0883 0.061 0.0657 0.0603 0.066 0.0582 0.0686 0.055 0.0598 0.0634 0.0644 0.0557 0.0759 0.0648 0.0718 0.0671 0.0717 0.0639 0.0566 0.0586 0.0562 0.0662 0.0724 0.0583 0.0601 0.059 0.0564 0.0594 0.064 0.0619 0.058 0.0552 0.0585 0.0675 0.057 0.0412 0.0653 0.0662 Net Race 0.1044 0.1862 0.5073 0.3877 0.27 0.2721 0.263 0.2675 0.2697 0.2708 0.2762 0.2811 0.2784 0.2826 0.2846 0.2957 0.2798 0.2943 0.2869 0.2846 0.2839 0.2886 0.2932 0.2852 0.2877 0.2861 0.2914 0.2906 0.2856 0.2984 0.2883 0.2991 0.2874 0.2809 0.2939 0.2962 0.2963 0.2907 0.2872 0.2998 0.2947 NonCollege 0.0283 0.0886 0.2285 0.1664 0.1158 0.1005 0.1074 0.1219 0.1098 0.136 0.1244 0.0945 0.1252 0.1181 0.1198 0.1103 0.1257 0.1237 0.1329 0.1486 0.1115 0.1166 0.125 0.126 0.1266 0.128 0.1445 0.1167 0.1125 0.1266 0.1071 0.1372 0.1241 0.1342 0.149 0.1336 0.1334 0.1698 0.1303 0.1446 0.1452 College 0.08 0.1146 0.289 0.2296 0.1574 0.1696 0.1581 0.1651 0.1634 0.1585 0.1708 0.1588 0.1629 0.1694 0.1501 0.1659 0.1625 0.155 0.1522 0.1445 0.1689 0.1686 0.158 0.1708 0.1596 0.1544 0.1603 0.1726 0.1493 0.1561 0.183 0.1542 0.1628 0.1491 0.1409 0.1641 0.1619 0.1413 0.162 0.1562 0.1484 Net Education 0.1083 0.2031 0.5174 0.3961 0.2732 0.2701 0.2655 0.2869 0.2732 0.2945 0.2953 0.2533 0.2881 0.2876 0.2699 0.2762 0.2882 0.2787 0.285 0.2931 0.2804 0.2851 0.283 0.2968 0.2862 0.2824 0.3049 0.2893 0.2618 0.2827 0.2901 0.2914 0.2869 0.2833 0.2899 0.2977 0.2953 0.3111 0.2923 0.3008 0.2936 Current NonCollege 0.0152 0.0694 0.221 0.1508 0.0967 0.0931 0.0987 0.1058 0.0941 0.1126 0.1076 0.108 0.1145 0.1144 0.1154 0.129 0.1179 0.1313 0.132 0.1185 0.1209 0.1186 0.129 0.132 0.1266 0.1212 0.1305 0.1225 0.1186 0.1435 0.1324 0.1373 0.129 0.1358 0.1398 0.1405 0.1341 0.143 0.1332 0.15 0.1442 Current College 0.0892 0.1168 0.2862 0.2369 0.1733 0.179 0.1643 0.1617 0.1756 0.1582 0.1686 0.1731 0.1639 0.1682 0.1692 0.1668 0.162 0.163 0.1549 0.1661 0.163 0.1701 0.1642 0.1532 0.1611 0.1649 0.161 0.1681 0.1671 0.1549 0.1558 0.1618 0.1584 0.1451 0.154 0.1557 0.1622 0.1478 0.154 0.1498 0.1505 Immigration 0.3408 0.4049 0.7284 0.6039 0.4834 0.4862 0.4824 0.4815 0.4809 0.4826 0.4838 0.4857 0.4841 0.4816 0.4837 0.4811 0.4809 0.4848 0.4817 0.4816 0.4804 0.4819 0.4815 0.4799 0.4828 0.4852 0.4819 0.4814 0.4827 0.482 0.4808 0.4834 0.4796 0.4839 0.4827 0.4827 0.4821 0.4845 0.4824 0.4826 0.4825 Emigration -0.2325 -0.2018 -0.2109 -0.2078 -0.2103 -0.2161 -0.2169 -0.1946 -0.2077 -0.1881 -0.1886 -0.2323 -0.196 -0.1941 -0.2138 -0.2049 -0.1927 -0.2061 -0.1966 -0.1884 -0.2 -0.1968 -0.1985 -0.1831 -0.1966 -0.2028 -0.177 -0.1921 -0.2209 -0.1994 -0.1907 -0.1921 -0.1926 -0.2007 -0.1928 -0.185 -0.1868 -0.1734 -0.1901 -0.1818 -0.1888 Net Immigration 0.1044 0.1862 0.5073 0.3877 0.27 0.2721 0.263 0.2675 0.2697 0.2708 0.2762 0.2811 0.2784 0.2826 0.2846 0.2957 0.2798 0.2943 0.2869 0.2846 0.2839 0.2886 0.2932 0.2852 0.2877 0.2861 0.2914 0.2906 0.2856 0.2984 0.2883 0.2991 0.2874 0.2809 0.2939 0.2962 0.2963 0.2907 0.2872 0.2998 0.2947
,Naturalized Citizen,Lawful NonCitzen,Unauthorized NonCitizen 2015,6.2,4.3,3.4 2016,6.4,4.5,3.5 2017,6.5,4.6,3.4 2018,6.6,4.6,3.5 2019,6.8,4.5,3.4 2020,6.9,4.4,3.3 2021,7,4.2,3.4 2022,7.2,4.3,3.4 2023,7.3,4.4,3.4 2024,7.5,4.4,3.3 2025,7.6,4.4,3.3 2026,7.7,4.4,3.2 2027,7.8,4.3,3.2 2028,7.9,4.3,3.2 2029,8.1,4.3,3.2 2030,8.2,4.3,3.1 2031,8.3,4.3,3.1 2032,8.4,4.2,3.1 2033,8.5,4.2,3.1 2034,8.6,4.2,3.1 2035,8.7,4.2,3 2036,8.8,4.2,3 2037,8.9,4.2,3 2038,9,4.2,3 2039,9,4.2,3 2040,9.1,4.2,3 2041,9.2,4.2,2.9 2042,9.3,4.2,2.9 2043,9.4,4.2,2.9 2044,9.4,4.2,2.9 2045,9.5,4.2,2.9 2046,9.6,4.2,2.8 2047,9.7,4.1,2.8 2048,9.7,4.2,2.8 2049,9.8,4.1,2.8 2050,9.9,4.1,2.8 2051,9.9,4.1,2.8 2052,10,4.1,2.8 2053,10,4.1,2.7 2054,10.1,4.1,2.7 2055,10.1,4.1,2.7 2056,10.2,4.1,2.7 2057,10.2,4.1,2.7 2058,10.2,4.1,2.7 2059,10.3,4.1,2.6 2060,10.3,4.1,2.6
item 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047 2048 2049 2050 2051 2052 2053 2054 2055 2056 2057 2058 2059 2060 Population Growth 0.4315 0.2659 0.5572 0.6776 0.5165 0.4892 0.4925 0.4573 0.4455 0.4445 0.4118 0.3726 0.3356 0.3218 0.3261 0.326 0.2746 0.2588 0.2495 0.2367 0.2083 0.1648 0.2011 0.115 0.1503 0.123 0.138 0.106 0.125 0.0938 0.0938 0.0905 0.0858 0.0625 0.101 0.1004 0.0975 0.1016 0.0744 0.0766 0.0993 Births 1.1929 1.1531 1.193 1.1796 1.164 1.1407 1.141 1.1368 1.1381 1.1195 1.1226 1.0829 1.0943 1.0946 1.0891 1.095 1.0753 1.0593 1.0641 1.0539 1.0479 1.0419 1.0446 1.0165 1.0307 1.0322 1.0201 1.0154 1.0171 1.0231 0.9969 0.9889 1.0136 0.9857 1.0251 0.994 0.9893 0.9875 0.9701 0.9937 0.9786 Deaths -1.0614 -1.158 -0.8989 -0.92 -0.928 -0.9295 -0.9495 -0.966 -0.9532 -0.9867 -0.9948 -1.0444 -1.0566 -1.0497 -1.0591 -1.1006 -1.0829 -1.1134 -1.1103 -1.1276 -1.1608 -1.1376 -1.1952 -1.1681 -1.1984 -1.1725 -1.2013 -1.1854 -1.2158 -1.2056 -1.1857 -1.2291 -1.2116 -1.2065 -1.1907 -1.1897 -1.1845 -1.1864 -1.2048 -1.1831 -1.2139 Births-Deaths 0.3008 0.0917 0.035 0.2807 0.2439 0.2128 0.2115 0.1873 0.1721 0.1663 0.1359 0.088 0.0499 0.038 0.0393 0.0359 -0.0253 -0.0236 -0.0493 -0.0565 -0.0797 -0.1188 -0.093 -0.1787 -0.1373 -0.1661 -0.1524 -0.1858 -0.1683 -0.1927 -0.2087 -0.1968 -0.2155 -0.2259 -0.1813 -0.1967 -0.2004 -0.197 -0.2163 -0.211 -0.2045 Immigration 0.3397 0.4052 0.7304 0.6077 0.484 0.4825 0.4834 0.4831 0.482 0.4835 0.4821 0.4846 0.4839 0.4841 0.4831 0.4833 0.4832 0.4816 0.482 0.4845 0.4846 0.4819 0.4843 0.4833 0.4834 0.483 0.485 0.4837 0.4843 0.4833 0.4858 0.4832 0.4838 0.4833 0.4828 0.4843 0.4843 0.4848 0.4833 0.4821 0.484 Emigration -0.2352 -0.2188 -0.2229 -0.22 -0.214 -0.2104 -0.2205 -0.2157 -0.2124 -0.2128 -0.2059 -0.2034 -0.2054 -0.2014 -0.1983 -0.1875 -0.2032 -0.187 -0.195 -0.1999 -0.2008 -0.1933 -0.1913 -0.198 -0.1956 -0.1967 -0.1935 -0.1928 -0.1982 -0.1846 -0.1972 -0.1838 -0.1959 -0.2021 -0.1887 -0.1878 -0.1876 -0.1937 -0.1957 -0.1817 -0.1887 Net Immigration 0.1241 0.1701 0.5116 0.3848 0.264 0.2685 0.273 0.2626 0.2662 0.2711 0.2692 0.2788 0.2804 0.2787 0.2816 0.285 0.2956 0.2784 0.295 0.2896 0.2847 0.2811 0.2911 0.292 0.2853 0.2873 0.2884 0.2902 0.2914 0.2851 0.3012 0.286 0.3 0.2874 0.2808 0.2956 0.2965 0.2971 0.2896 0.2865 0.3023 Sum of Components 0.4249 0.2618 0.5465 0.6655 0.5079 0.4813 0.4845 0.4499 0.4383 0.4374 0.4052 0.3668 0.3303 0.3167 0.321 0.3209 0.2703 0.2548 0.2457 0.2331 0.2051 0.1623 0.1981 0.1133 0.148 0.1212 0.1359 0.1044 0.1231 0.0924 0.0925 0.0892 0.0845 0.0615 0.0994 0.0989 0.0961 0.1001 0.0733 0.0754 0.0978 Births & Immigration 1.5326 1.5583 1.9234 1.7873 1.648 1.6232 1.6244 1.6199 1.62 1.603 1.6047 1.5675 1.5782 1.5788 1.5722 1.5783 1.5585 1.5409 1.5461 1.5384 1.5325 1.5238 1.5289 1.4998 1.5141 1.5152 1.5051 1.4992 1.5013 1.5064 1.4827 1.4721 1.4973 1.469 1.508 1.4783 1.4736 1.4723 1.4534 1.4758 1.4627 Deaths & Emigration -1.2966 -1.3769 -1.1218 -1.14 -1.142 -1.1399 -1.17 -1.1817 -1.1656 -1.1996 -1.2007 -1.2478 -1.2621 -1.2512 -1.2574 -1.2882 -1.2861 -1.3004 -1.3053 -1.3275 -1.3616 -1.3309 -1.3864 -1.3661 -1.394 -1.3692 -1.3948 -1.3782 -1.4141 -1.3902 -1.383 -1.4129 -1.4075 -1.4085 -1.3794 -1.3775 -1.3722 -1.3801 -1.4004 -1.3649 -1.4026
item 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 Female No College 963210 935856 925380 934692 874164 1089504 1145376 1141884 1155852 1143630 1198920 1179714 1186698 1146540 1205904 1299024 1148286 1183206 1226856 1200084 1278072 1177968 1183206 1149450 1123842 1200666 1162836 1233840 1272252 1302516 1420662 1314156 1338600 1371774 1420662 1592352 1506216 1539390 1556268 1499814 1571982 1464894 1482354 1534734 1483518 1559178 1410768 1304844 1282146 1271088 1290876 1220454 1177968 1198920 980088 934110 903846 900936 834006 762420 741468 673374 603534 589566 582000 524964 453378 433590 367242 370734 331158 266556 252588 206610 185076 155394 120474 89046 55872 45396 22116 Female College 1091832 1105800 1062732 1343838 1257120 1108710 1145958 1144212 1114530 1096488 1183788 1072044 1060986 1041780 1015008 1034796 935856 985326 966120 899772 910830 879402 796176 852630 779298 785118 730992 765912 759510 821202 831096 736230 701892 620994 664062 725172 689670 654168 637872 634962 654750 615756 628560 635544 629142 635544 560466 580254 543588 509832 510996 431262 451632 421368 351528 317190 293910 298566 238620 178674 153066 157140 145500 142590 113490 98358 105342 77988 80316 82644 58782 59364 45396 40740 37830 28518 23862 8148 9894 6984 2910 Male No College 1311828 1331616 1338018 1360716 1191354 1436376 1481772 1442196 1409604 1477116 1499814 1382832 1375848 1407858 1358970 1428228 1368282 1338018 1371774 1371192 1485264 1301352 1236168 1343256 1266432 1321722 1157016 1218126 1268760 1352568 1424736 1307172 1282728 1320558 1420080 1531242 1477698 1522512 1497486 1448016 1470714 1429974 1424736 1335108 1275744 1340928 1219290 1102308 1077282 1031304 1012098 921306 942258 891042 708876 695490 636126 652422 563376 480732 466182 437082 390522 374808 357930 284016 248514 222906 198462 169944 160632 151320 109416 72750 51216 55872 41322 25608 17460 9312 4656 Male College 848556 868344 859614 1030722 1052256 923634 875328 902100 925380 887550 916068 881730 856704 831096 854376 814800 733320 774060 749616 710040 728082 726918 682686 687924 624486 653004 664644 640782 595968 697236 716442 620412 579090 626814 616920 618666 580836 577926 602952 584910 600624 554064 579672 600042 545916 628560 573270 579672 505758 560466 537186 512742 523218 526710 366078 359676 354438 325920 289254 236292 221742 200208 161214 153648 127458 119892 115818 104178 95448 71004 65766 57036 43650 38412 15714 18624 13968 11058 7566 7566 2328
item 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 Female No College 860196 895116 840408 891042 864270 863106 926544 859032 870672 890460 934110 913740 913158 938766 902682 907920 886386 927126 907920 939348 917814 943422 959136 987654 939348 969030 959136 935856 1004532 993474 969030 952734 1033632 1083684 1026066 1049346 1062732 1006278 1023156 1015590 1001622 998712 939348 963792 923634 989982 925380 916068 925380 847392 1005696 1014426 1024902 978924 956226 947496 941094 953316 862524 877074 878238 788028 793848 746124 718188 704220 598296 574434 530784 442902 446976 413220 369570 345708 281106 278196 202536 167616 154812 113490 84972 Female College 1115694 1069716 1079028 1110456 1129080 1184952 1180296 1190772 1241988 1225110 1269924 1315902 1310082 1255956 1363626 1374684 1310082 1342674 1388070 1389234 1367118 1411932 1384578 1417170 1355478 1392726 1354896 1364790 1368864 1374684 1361298 1327542 1254792 1268760 1281564 1300770 1202994 1235004 1321140 1314738 1221618 1320558 1255374 1247808 1309500 1257702 1226856 1179132 1439286 1322304 1184952 1171566 1152360 1101726 1060404 1081938 987072 964956 914322 866016 857868 756600 768240 708876 649512 620412 552900 501102 478404 410310 387612 323010 304968 253752 232218 202536 145500 123384 80316 54708 50052 Male No College 1202412 1179714 1204740 1182624 1204740 1187280 1182042 1187280 1162254 1208814 1175058 1183206 1166910 1168656 1109874 1186116 1271670 1204158 1205904 1201830 1221618 1198338 1173312 1243152 1165746 1223364 1215798 1232094 1246644 1267596 1161090 1241406 1281564 1274580 1270506 1282728 1218126 1253628 1212306 1217544 1206486 1141302 1146540 1154106 1122096 1103472 1078446 1069134 1087758 932364 1123842 1084848 1015590 937020 989982 952152 855540 789774 804324 711204 732738 654750 598296 616920 536604 524964 452214 395760 373062 335232 281106 236874 215922 197298 161796 129786 116400 85554 63438 48888 34920 Male College 808398 852048 857286 903264 932364 913740 946914 1031304 1020246 1032468 1076118 1048182 1084848 1141884 1057494 1124424 1086012 1121514 1127916 1077282 1107546 1116276 1136064 1085430 1129662 1090086 1109874 1136064 1061568 1096488 1052838 1119186 1021992 989400 976014 1047600 960300 989982 1042362 1042944 1038288 970194 978924 971940 991728 975432 1007442 960300 1088922 1045854 955062 899772 870672 858450 815382 821202 758346 730992 687342 695490 631470 551154 517980 503430 445812 421368 382374 341634 300312 254334 221160 209520 164124 126876 129786 94866 75078 65766 50052 32592 22116
item 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 2020 nH_White 2146416 2243028 2102766 2404242 2334402 2365248 2469426 2354190 2417046 2410644 2571276 2425776 2418210 2485140 2463024 2472918 2319270 2334984 2419956 2269800 2385618 2280858 2145252 2302392 2103930 2205198 2062026 2177262 2265144 2482230 2677200 2456040 2386782 2470590 2600958 2826192 2810478 2839578 2941428 2839578 2909418 2809896 2884974 2832594 2760426 2923968 2676036 2542176 2463024 2453712 2411808 2293080 2362338 2343714 1796052 1715154 1677906 1688964 1491084 1269924 1247808 1108710 1009188 978342 912576 786282 719934 664644 577344 548244 485970 435918 355020 288672 222324 205446 161796 115236 76824 55872 27936 2020 nH_Black 707712 651840 663480 748452 708294 700728 724008 744378 733320 754272 733902 707130 630306 596550 624486 648348 572688 596550 587820 595386 634380 568614 541260 541842 534276 573270 514488 527874 514488 563376 610518 468510 497610 519726 529620 602370 534858 523218 516234 519726 549990 517980 483060 546498 490044 487134 413802 391104 364332 377136 399834 329412 306132 253170 213012 229890 193806 189732 181584 154230 121056 147246 113490 104760 116982 98940 66348 68676 61110 61110 47724 41322 40740 25026 26772 19788 19206 8730 8148 5238 1164 2020 Hispn 976596 953898 985908 999294 916068 1021992 965538 1002204 940512 931200 957972 878238 944004 875328 857868 958554 812472 871254 867762 882312 918396 831678 801414 786864 767658 795594 788028 755436 712368 693162 729246 693744 664062 637872 653004 669300 577926 590148 539514 517980 523800 465018 446394 437664 407982 455706 405654 350946 347454 324174 290418 254916 240948 250842 233964 227562 187986 181584 140262 133860 130368 119310 104760 100104 87300 83808 77406 65184 57618 51216 50052 32010 34338 22116 26190 23862 11640 4656 3492 3492 1164 2020 Asian 328248 339888 378300 469674 368406 422532 434172 467346 465018 452796 472584 446976 445812 418458 437082 452214 444066 437664 401580 403908 419622 368988 377718 370152 348618 347454 328248 364914 357348 389940 347454 323010 316608 281106 298566 310206 288090 289254 264228 243276 268302 234546 258990 252588 254334 260736 237456 242694 201372 197880 228144 185076 161214 169944 142590 118146 115818 103596 104760 90792 75078 83808 63438 69258 60528 50634 54126 34338 43650 32592 31428 24444 19206 20370 12804 7566 6402 5238 2328 4656 1164 2020 Other 56454 52962 55290 48306 47724 47724 55290 62274 49470 55872 62856 58200 41904 51798 51798 44814 37248 40158 37248 29682 44232 35502 32592 32010 39576 38994 22698 33174 47142 44814 28518 36666 37248 30846 39576 59364 43068 51798 33174 47142 46560 37248 41904 36084 21534 36666 30846 40158 32592 19788 20952 23280 24444 20370 20952 15714 12804 13968 7566 9312 8148 8730 9894 8148 3492 7566 5238 5820 1746 1164 1164 582 1746 2328 1746 1746 582 0 0 0 582 2065 nH_White 1731450 1741926 1668594 1708170 1759386 1756476 1804200 1809438 1776264 1820496 1866474 1877532 1875786 1862982 1889754 1974726 1940970 1963086 1975890 1971234 1972980 2012556 2021868 2022450 1991022 2008482 2003826 2072502 2063772 2085306 1951446 2014884 1971234 1946208 1962504 2042820 1869384 1974144 2026524 2075412 2039328 2027106 1957266 1996260 2001498 1988694 2024778 1900812 2174352 2043402 2074830 2078322 1956102 1944462 1923510 1982292 1842030 1801290 1793142 1695366 1659864 1491666 1446852 1450926 1273416 1235004 1099980 969030 950988 782208 716442 611100 575598 504594 453378 407400 304386 247932 190896 139098 118728 2065 nH_Black 591894 588402 616338 643110 610518 627396 639618 657078 675120 646020 669300 649512 675120 691998 686178 683268 685014 691416 685596 666972 677448 687342 684432 704802 650676 727500 703056 642528 676284 698982 713532 728664 693744 712950 708294 704802 675120 636126 669882 671628 644274 654168 629724 646602 637872 654750 597714 587820 664644 610518 603534 585492 575598 541260 551154 514488 492372 437082 373062 366660 370152 323010 313698 274704 288672 277614 217668 210684 187404 169944 155394 144336 116400 94866 80316 64602 50052 36084 39576 16296 14550 2065 Hispn 1049346 1037706 1057494 1073790 1091250 1085430 1077282 1098234 1078446 1159344 1165164 1159926 1115112 1145376 1113366 1125006 1147122 1143630 1123842 1149450 1152942 1131990 1097070 1140138 1129662 1142466 1099398 1145958 1126170 1166328 1133154 1160508 1194264 1214634 1196592 1187280 1183206 1200084 1190190 1154106 1126170 1059822 1054584 1016172 1044690 1008024 950988 968448 981252 884058 960300 878820 873582 806652 760674 756018 667554 682104 609936 594222 616338 495864 513906 488880 455124 424278 366078 350364 294492 269466 265392 236874 195552 173436 144918 126876 96030 85554 71004 49470 30846 2065 Asian 563958 573270 588402 609354 607026 625650 648348 659406 707130 675702 697236 712368 749034 746124 688506 753108 729828 744960 772314 765912 764166 785118 798504 808980 763584 739140 775806 743796 758346 725754 691416 680358 678030 693162 629724 690834 667554 630888 661152 633216 611682 642528 632634 640200 620994 622158 615174 618666 679776 565704 594222 586074 607026 553482 543588 505758 498774 491790 457452 456870 425442 420204 381210 341052 316608 315444 282270 270630 240366 208356 184494 181584 157140 139680 118728 100104 84972 67512 43650 41904 23862 2065 Other 50052 55290 50634 52962 62274 54126 66348 44232 58200 55290 57036 61692 59946 58782 55872 57036 51216 52380 72168 54126 46560 52962 51216 57036 55290 57618 57618 64020 57036 55872 54708 56454 54708 49470 57036 54708 48888 43650 51216 56454 46560 47142 45978 38412 41904 52962 49470 48888 41322 44232 36666 41904 51216 30264 43068 44232 41322 26772 34920 36666 28518 19788 22698 19788 16296 18624 19788 12222 9312 12804 15132 8730 9894 11058 7566 6402 4074 5238 3492 2910 4074
item 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047 2048 2049 2050 2051 2052 2053 2054 2055 2056 2057 2058 2059 2060 2061 2062 2063 2064 2065 2066 2067 2068 2069 2070 2071 2072 2073 2074 2075 0-24 102157878 101839524 101670744 101826720 101739420 101623020 101512440 101454822 101427468 101295354 101215038 100935096 100716846 100552140 100580658 100362408 100256484 100094106 99945696 99740832 99680304 99437610 99251370 98972010 98803812 98596620 98443554 98096100 97861554 97634574 97415742 97106118 96855276 96545070 96425760 96147564 96001482 95815242 95520750 95269326 95001606 94725156 94524948 94352676 94077390 93843426 93656022 93420894 93271320 92996616 92769054 92557206 92404722 92188218 91996740 91866372 25-54 127395726 127522602 128722104 129431562 129960600 130105518 130518156 131146716 131814270 132680868 133326306 134225496 134914002 135678750 136136784 136590744 137031318 137323482 137708766 138225582 138195318 138407748 138587004 138717372 138763932 138595152 138428118 138422880 138279708 138050400 137808288 137789082 137435226 137468982 137400888 137386338 137233854 137165178 137192532 137094174 137033064 136829364 136574448 136489476 136493550 136221756 136112922 135927846 135742770 135552456 135477960 135193362 134951250 134708556 134536284 134268564 55-64 41995956 41766648 41292318 40840104 40508946 40366938 40177788 39593460 39062676 38466708 37899840 37552968 37547730 37466832 37501752 37483128 37457520 37864920 38281632 38719878 39332142 39990966 40465296 41071740 41608344 42153096 42765942 43189056 43741956 44369352 44673156 44894898 45422190 45468168 45537426 45397746 45404148 45304626 45061932 44936220 44788392 44869290 44596332 44671992 44606808 44702838 44676648 44752308 44831460 44846010 44788392 44759874 44690616 44793048 44914104 44845428 65+ 57615672 58911786 60194514 62030142 63645192 65401668 66950952 68515368 69923808 71306640 72723810 73737654 74435472 75034932 75650688 76574322 77229072 77602716 77829696 77916996 78134082 78091014 78339528 78292386 78414024 78685236 78886608 79196232 79469772 79635642 80130342 80563350 80949798 81405504 81887982 82682994 83327850 84050112 84829410 85582518 86419434 86992122 87944856 88423842 88961610 89504616 90109314 90576078 91070196 91621932 92089860 92592126 93126984 93483168 93665334 94100088 All 329165232 330040560 331879680 334128528 335854158 337497144 339159336 340710366 342228222 343749570 345164994 346451214 347614050 348732654 349869882 351010602 351974394 352885224 353765790 354603288 355341846 355927338 356643198 357053508 357590112 358030104 358524222 358904268 359352990 359689968 360027528 360353448 360662490 360887724 361252056 361614642 361967334 362335158 362604624 362882238 363242496 363415932 363640584 363937986 364139358 364272636 364554906 364677126 364915746 365017014 365125266 365102568 365173572 365172990 365112462 365080452 Ratio 2.94002788 2.873605801 2.824417222 2.744982689 2.678435568 2.606545998 2.549567092 2.491998233 2.443759156 2.400163239 2.35447161 2.329589493 2.31692938 2.307533003 2.29526711 2.273266905 2.259367276 2.257503487 2.261224276 2.270948177 2.272087359 2.284497343 2.285593296 2.296380545 2.300255322 2.297104987 2.296892522 2.2931891 2.290451569 2.290679744 2.27730769 2.267581723 2.258898978 2.247233185 2.234006866 2.210661167 2.191800244 2.170964436 2.148482042 2.126957681 2.103941759 2.088679409 2.060049766 2.048785304 2.035713585 2.021399589 2.006336104 1.994788889 1.982802694 1.968944139 1.957504898 1.943504743 1.928999075 1.920148919 1.9158677 1.903441281 25-64 169391682 169289250 170014422 170271666 170469546 170472456 170695944 170740176 170876946 171147576 171226146 171778464 172461732 173145582 173638536 174073872 174488838 175188402 175990398 176945460 177527460 178398714 179052300 179789112 180372276 180748248 181194060 181611936 182021664 182419752 182481444 182683980 182857416 182937150 182938314 182784084 182638002 182469804 182254464 182030394 181821456 181698654 181170780 181161468 181100358 180924594 180789570 180680154 180574230 180398466 180266352 179953236 179641866 179501604 179450388 179113992
Immigration 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047 2048 2049 2050 2051 2052 2053 2054 2055 2056 2057 2058 2059 2060 2061 2062 2063 2064 2065 2066 2067 2068 2069 2070 2071 2072 2073 2074 2075 Immigrant Visa Cap/Year 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 675000 Young 169391682 169289250 170014422 170271666 170469546 170472456 170695944 170740176 170876946 171147576 171226146 171778464 172461732 173145582 173638536 174073872 174488838 175188402 175990398 176945460 177527460 178398714 179052300 179789112 180372276 180748248 181194060 181611936 182021664 182419752 182481444 182683980 182857416 182937150 182938314 182784084 182638002 182469804 182254464 182030394 181821456 181698654 181170780 181161468 181100358 180924594 180789570 180680154 180574230 180398466 180266352 179953236 179641866 179501604 179450388 179113992 Old 57615672 58911786 60194514 62030142 63645192 65401668 66950952 68515368 69923808 71306640 72723810 73737654 74435472 75034932 75650688 76574322 77229072 77602716 77829696 77916996 78134082 78091014 78339528 78292386 78414024 78685236 78886608 79196232 79469772 79635642 80130342 80563350 80949798 81405504 81887982 82682994 83327850 84050112 84829410 85582518 86419434 86992122 87944856 88423842 88961610 89504616 90109314 90576078 91070196 91621932 92089860 92592126 93126984 93483168 93665334 94100088 Current Policy Ratio 2.94 2.87 2.82 2.74 2.68 2.61 2.55 2.49 2.44 2.4 2.35 2.33 2.32 2.31 2.3 2.27 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.27 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.28 2.27 2.26 2.25 2.23 2.21 2.19 2.17 2.15 2.13 2.1 2.09 2.06 2.05 2.04 2.02 2.01 1.99 1.98 1.97 1.96 1.94 1.93 1.92 1.92 1.9 Year-over-Year increase - Workers -117564 -102432 725172 257244 197880 2910 223488 44232 136770 270630 78570 552318 683268 683850 492954 435336 414966 699564 801996 955062 582000 871254 653586 736812 583164 375972 445812 417876 409728 398088 61692 202536 173436 79734 1164 -154230 -146082 -168198 -215340 -224070 -208938 -122802 -527874 -9312 -61110 -175764 -135024 -109416 -105924 -175764 -132114 -313116 -311370 -140262 -51216 -336396 Year-over-Year increase - Retirees 1959012 1296114 1282728 1835628 1615050 1756476 1549284 1564416 1408440 1382832 1417170 1013844 697818 599460 615756 923634 654750 373644 226980 87300 217086 -43068 248514 -47142 121638 271212 201372 309624 273540 165870 494700 433008 386448 455706 482478 795012 644856 722262 779298 753108 836916 572688 952734 478986 537768 543006 604698 466764 494118 551736 467928 502266 534858 356184 182166 434754 Year-over_Year increase Old x Dep Ratio 5759550 3724521 3622959 5038767 4325807 4578335 3950004 3898522 3441888 3319023 3336687 2361840 1616795 1383274 1413324 2099667 1479321 843503 513253 198254 493238 -98389 568002 -108256 279798 623002 462530 710026 626530 379955 1126584 981881 872947 1024078 1077859 1757502 1413396 1568005 1674308 1601829 1760823 1196162 1962679 981339 1094742 1097632 1213227 931096 979739 1086337 915971 976156 1031741 683926 349006 827529 Net Required increase 5729868 3590079 1938651 4122117 3655343 4137179 3248694 3395674 2820312 2545545 2794263 1304928 397505 157582 394242 1118415 486429 -392083 -866087 -1323094 -664942 -1525453 -691446 -1422412 -862668 -348938 -554806 -329426 -392552 -590821 444480 170573 51745 354778 476653 1275606 964674 1123939 1274474 1188609 1374957 692732 1888183 376059 519144 662878 731331 405550 426257 657403 413123 659548 719207 208432 -210878 548169 Projected Net Immigration Young 147246 236874 959136 659406 472584 438246 477822 458616 484806 502848 463854 504594 536022 541842 526128 545916 577926 536022 577344 566286 576180 555810 605862 577344 559302 595968 571524 621576 609354 572688 620412 608772 647766 589566 600042 636126 594804 612264 615174 637290 594804 626232 602370 614592 636708 610518 616920 634962 659406 604698 634962 629724 623904 615756 611100 615756 Projected Net Immigration Old 23280 31428 101850 115818 47142 51216 46560 48888 32592 34920 45396 28518 2910 24444 23862 20370 40158 30264 30846 (582) (5820) (4074) (6402) 14550 4074 (13386) 5820 12222 (5238) 8148 (5820) (1164) 14550 (1164) (33174) (5238) 11640 (1746) (11640) (13968) 30846 1746 (4656) 10476 2910 5238 11640 4656 5820 2910 22698 3492 18624 32010 (7566) 8148 Immigration old/young 0.16 0.13 0.11 0.18 0.1 0.12 0.1 0.11 0.07 0.07 0.1 0.06 0.01 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.07 0.06 0.05 0 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.03 0.01 -0.02 0.01 0.02 -0.01 0.01 -0.01 0 0.02 0 -0.06 -0.01 0.02 0 -0.02 -0.02 0.05 0 -0.01 0.02 0 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.05 -0.01 0.01 New Young Popultion 169,797,918 169,842,486 170,806,902 172,024,481 172,883,804 173,359,340 174,024,858 174,547,775 175,146,211 175,908,408 176,492,012 177,525,170 178,735,890 179,980,641 181,034,896 182,014,904 182,994,716 184,306,308 185,686,067 187,271,089 188,453,338 189,954,393 191,206,125 192,598,812 193,800,870 194,764,135 195,840,485 196,863,663 197,929,376 198,971,608 199,611,586 200,453,547 201,252,625 201,988,146 202,578,997 203,008,251 203,482,131 203,889,541 204,261,187 204,625,235 205,027,652 205,483,981 205,513,237 206,105,044 206,650,112 207,086,259 207,542,229 208,033,542 208,546,544 209,002,959 209,454,594 209,725,741 209,992,581 210,452,525 211,008,234 211,223,780 New Old Population 57,714,612 59,036,232 60,353,097 62,295,411 64,033,186 65,847,512 67,458,573 69,081,411 70,550,375 71,978,190 73,443,626 74,512,901 75,246,574 75,855,476 76,502,410 77,460,305 78,143,000 78,561,224 78,821,271 78,940,530 79,159,885 79,110,432 79,358,116 79,303,959 79,441,719 79,720,559 79,911,195 80,230,660 80,519,995 80,682,819 81,192,172 81,625,098 82,015,475 82,491,730 82,979,482 83,751,917 84,399,872 85,143,066 85,930,751 86,681,997 87,515,697 88,126,496 89,093,399 89,573,985 90,129,224 90,682,267 91,300,159 91,784,731 92,290,099 92,855,046 93,332,181 93,863,921 94,409,617 94,789,331 95,006,052 95,439,463 Policy multiple: 1 2.94 2.88 2.83 2.76 2.7 2.63 2.58 2.53 2.48 2.44 2.4 2.38 2.38 2.37 2.37 2.35 2.34 2.35 2.36 2.37 2.38 2.4 2.41 2.43 2.44 2.44 2.45 2.45 2.46 2.47 2.46 2.46 2.45 2.45 2.44 2.42 2.41 2.39 2.38 2.36 2.34 2.33 2.31 2.3 2.29 2.28 2.27 2.27 2.26 2.25 2.24 2.23 2.22 2.22 2.22 2.21 New Young Popultion 170,001,036 170,119,105 171,203,142 172,900,889 174,090,933 174,802,781 175,689,315 176,451,574 177,280,843 178,288,825 179,124,945 180,398,523 181,872,969 183,398,170 184,733,076 185,985,420 187,247,655 188,865,261 190,533,902 192,433,904 193,916,277 195,732,232 197,283,037 199,003,663 200,515,167 201,772,078 203,163,697 204,489,526 205,883,232 207,247,537 208,176,657 209,338,330 210,450,229 211,513,644 212,399,339 213,120,334 213,904,196 214,599,410 215,264,549 215,922,656 216,630,751 217,376,644 217,684,466 218,576,832 219,424,989 220,167,092 220,918,558 221,710,236 222,532,701 223,305,205 224,048,715 224,611,994 225,167,938 225,927,986 226,787,157 227,278,674 New Old Population 57,714,612 59,047,872 60,380,705 62,374,786 64,172,536 66,014,279 67,654,899 69,305,603 70,803,620 72,252,739 73,741,092 74,837,212 75,588,213 76,201,322 76,863,315 77,837,548 78,533,654 78,973,846 79,250,233 79,385,395 79,605,699 79,553,090 79,800,146 79,742,522 79,888,238 80,170,660 80,355,755 80,679,875 80,976,872 81,138,031 81,654,286 82,086,799 82,478,809 82,964,947 83,454,922 84,215,385 84,864,336 85,617,376 86,408,586 87,158,254 87,989,627 88,618,989 89,592,160 90,073,134 90,636,646 91,194,241 91,818,212 92,311,288 92,821,856 93,392,934 93,874,272 94,420,317 94,970,973 95,362,146 95,595,989 96,028,355 Policy multiple: 1.5 2.95 2.88 2.84 2.77 2.71 2.65 2.6 2.55 2.5 2.47 2.43 2.41 2.41 2.41 2.4 2.39 2.38 2.39 2.4 2.42 2.44 2.46 2.47 2.5 2.51 2.52 2.53 2.53 2.54 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.53 2.52 2.51 2.49 2.48 2.46 2.45 2.43 2.43 2.42 2.41 2.41 2.4 2.4 2.39 2.39 2.38 2.37 2.37 2.37 2.37 New Young Popultion 170,204,154 170,395,723 171,599,382 173,777,297 175,298,063 176,246,223 177,353,772 178,355,374 179,415,476 180,669,241 181,757,878 183,271,876 185,010,048 186,815,699 188,431,257 189,955,936 191,500,594 193,424,214 195,381,736 197,596,719 199,379,216 201,510,072 203,359,949 205,408,513 207,229,464 208,780,022 210,486,910 212,115,390 213,837,087 215,523,465 216,741,728 218,223,114 219,647,834 221,039,142 222,219,680 223,232,417 224,326,261 225,309,279 226,267,910 227,220,076 228,233,849 229,269,308 229,855,695 231,048,620 232,199,866 233,247,925 234,294,888 235,386,930 236,518,858 237,607,451 238,642,837 239,498,247 240,343,295 241,403,446 242,566,080 243,333,568 New Old Population 57,714,612 59,059,512 60,408,312 62,454,160 64,311,886 66,181,045 67,851,224 69,529,796 71,056,865 72,527,289 74,038,558 75,161,523 75,929,852 76,547,167 77,224,221 78,214,790 78,924,307 79,386,469 79,679,194 79,830,261 80,051,514 79,995,749 80,242,176 80,181,085 80,334,758 80,620,761 80,800,314 81,129,089 81,433,749 81,593,243 82,116,399 82,548,500 82,942,142 83,438,164 83,930,361 84,678,854 85,328,800 86,091,685 86,886,420 87,634,510 88,463,557 89,111,483 90,090,920 90,572,283 91,144,069 91,706,216 92,336,264 92,837,844 93,353,612 93,930,822 94,416,362 94,976,713 95,532,329 95,934,961 96,185,925 96,617,246 Policy multiple: 2 2.95 2.89 2.84 2.78 2.73 2.66 2.61 2.57 2.52 2.49 2.45 2.44 2.44 2.44 2.44 2.43 2.43 2.44 2.45 2.48 2.49 2.52 2.53 2.56 2.58 2.59 2.61 2.61 2.63 2.64 2.64 2.64 2.65 2.65 2.65 2.64 2.63 2.62 2.6 2.59 2.58 2.57 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.54 2.54 2.54 2.53 2.53 2.53 2.52 2.52 2.52 2.52 2.52 New Young Popultion 170,407,272 170,672,341 171,995,623 174,653,704 176,505,192 177,689,665 179,018,229 180,259,173 181,550,108 183,049,657 184,390,811 186,145,229 188,147,127 190,233,228 192,129,437 193,926,452 195,753,534 197,983,167 200,229,571 202,759,533 204,842,155 207,287,911 209,436,862 211,813,363 213,943,761 215,787,965 217,810,122 219,741,253 221,790,943 223,799,393 225,306,799 227,107,897 228,845,438 230,564,640 232,040,022 233,344,501 234,748,326 236,019,147 237,271,272 238,517,497 239,836,947 241,161,971 242,026,924 243,520,409 244,974,743 246,328,757 247,671,217 249,063,624 250,505,015 251,909,698 253,236,958 254,384,500 255,518,652 256,878,907 258,345,003 259,388,462 New Old Population 57,714,612 59,071,152 60,435,920 62,533,534 64,451,236 66,347,812 68,047,549 69,753,989 71,310,111 72,801,839 74,336,025 75,485,834 76,271,491 76,893,013 77,585,127 78,592,033 79,314,961 79,799,092 80,108,156 80,275,127 80,497,328 80,438,407 80,684,206 80,619,648 80,781,277 81,070,862 81,244,874 81,578,304 81,890,627 82,048,454 82,578,513 83,010,200 83,405,475 83,911,381 84,405,801 85,142,322 85,793,264 86,565,995 87,364,255 88,110,767 88,937,487 89,603,977 90,589,681 91,071,431 91,651,491 92,218,191 92,854,317 93,364,400 93,885,369 94,468,710 94,958,452 95,533,109 96,093,685 96,507,776 96,775,861 97,206,138 Policy multiple: 2.5 2.95 2.89 2.85 2.79 2.74 2.68 2.63 2.58 2.55 2.51 2.48 2.47 2.47 2.47 2.48 2.47 2.47 2.48 2.5 2.53 2.54 2.58 2.6 2.63 2.65 2.66 2.68 2.69 2.71 2.73 2.73 2.74 2.74 2.75 2.75 2.74 2.74 2.73 2.72 2.71 2.7 2.69 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.66 2.66 2.66 2.67 2.67 New Young Popultion 170,610,390 170,948,959 172,391,863 175,530,112 177,712,321 179,133,107 180,682,687 182,162,972 183,684,741 185,430,073 187,023,744 189,018,582 191,284,206 193,650,758 195,827,617 197,896,968 200,006,473 202,542,120 205,077,405 207,922,348 210,305,094 213,065,751 215,513,774 218,218,213 220,658,058 222,795,909 225,133,334 227,367,117 229,744,799 232,075,321 233,871,870 235,992,680 238,043,043 240,090,138 241,860,364 243,456,584 245,170,390 246,729,016 248,274,633 249,814,918 251,440,045 253,054,635 254,198,152 255,992,197 257,749,621 259,409,590 261,047,547 262,740,317 264,491,172 266,211,944 267,831,079 269,270,752 270,694,010 272,354,367 274,123,926 275,443,356 New Old Population 57,714,612 59,082,792 60,463,527 62,612,909 64,590,586 66,514,579 68,243,874 69,978,182 71,563,356 73,076,388 74,633,491 75,810,145 76,613,131 77,238,858 77,946,032 78,969,276 79,705,615 80,211,714 80,537,117 80,719,992 80,943,142 80,881,065 81,126,236 81,058,211 81,227,796 81,520,963 81,689,434 82,027,519 82,347,504 82,503,666 83,040,626 83,471,901 83,868,809 84,384,597 84,881,240 85,605,790 86,257,727 87,040,305 87,842,089 88,587,024 89,411,417 90,096,470 91,088,441 91,570,580 92,158,914 92,730,166 93,372,370 93,890,956 94,417,126 95,006,599 95,500,543 96,089,505 96,655,041 97,080,591 97,365,797 97,795,029 Policy multiple: 3 2.96 2.89 2.85 2.8 2.75 2.69 2.65 2.6 2.57 2.54 2.51 2.49 2.5 2.51 2.51 2.51 2.51 2.53 2.55 2.58 2.6 2.63 2.66 2.69 2.72 2.73 2.76 2.77 2.79 2.81 2.82 2.83 2.84 2.85 2.85 2.84 2.84 2.83 2.83 2.82 2.81 2.81 2.79 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.81 2.82 2.82 New Young Popultion 170,813,508 171,225,577 172,788,103 176,406,519 178,919,450 180,576,548 182,347,144 184,066,772 185,819,373 187,810,489 189,656,677 191,891,935 194,421,285 197,068,287 199,525,797 201,867,484 204,259,412 207,101,074 209,925,240 213,085,163 215,768,033 218,843,590 221,590,686 224,623,064 227,372,355 229,803,852 232,456,547 234,992,980 237,698,655 240,351,250 242,436,941 244,877,464 247,240,647 249,615,636 251,680,705 253,568,667 255,592,455 257,438,885 259,277,995 261,112,338 263,043,143 264,947,298 266,369,381 268,463,985 270,524,498 272,490,423 274,423,876 276,417,011 278,477,328 280,514,190 282,425,200 284,157,005 285,869,367 287,829,828 289,902,849 291,498,250 New Old Population 57,714,612 59,094,432 60,491,135 62,692,283 64,729,936 66,681,346 68,440,200 70,202,374 71,816,601 73,350,938 74,930,957 76,134,457 76,954,770 77,584,704 78,306,938 79,346,519 80,096,268 80,624,337 80,966,079 81,164,858 81,388,956 81,323,724 81,568,266 81,496,774 81,674,316 81,971,063 82,133,993 82,476,733 82,804,381 82,958,878 83,502,740 83,933,602 84,332,142 84,857,814 85,356,679 86,069,258 86,722,191 87,514,615 88,319,924 89,063,280 89,885,347 90,588,964 91,587,201 92,069,729 92,666,336 93,242,140 93,890,422 94,417,512 94,948,882 95,544,487 96,042,633 96,645,901 97,216,397 97,653,406 97,955,734 98,383,921 Policy multiple: 3.5 2.96 2.9 2.86 2.81 2.76 2.71 2.66 2.62 2.59 2.56 2.53 2.52 2.53 2.54 2.55 2.54 2.55 2.57 2.59 2.63 2.65 2.69 2.72 2.76 2.78 2.8 2.83 2.85 2.87 2.9 2.9 2.92 2.93 2.94 2.95 2.95 2.95 2.94 2.94 2.93 2.93 2.92 2.91 2.92 2.92 2.92 2.92 2.93 2.93 2.94 2.94 2.94 2.94 2.95 2.96 2.96